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Adjective Clauses
Chapter 13
Adjective Clauses Pronouns
-Used as Subject
• An adjective clause, like a single word adjective, modifies a
noun.
• I thanked the woman who helped me.
• The adjective clause who helped me modifies woman.
Adjective Clauses Pronouns
-Used as Subject
• A clause has both a S + V
• I thanked the woman who helped me.
• Who is the subject of the adj. clause
• Helped is the verb.
Adjective Clauses Pronouns
-Used as Subject
• When an adjective clause is used to describe a subject, we use
the following pronouns:
• Who = used for people
• Which = used for things
• That = used for both people and things
Adjective Clauses Pronouns
-Used as Subject
• An adjective clauses closely follows the noun it modifies.
• Usually, the clause comes immediately after the noun:
• The book that is on the table is mine.
• NOT
• The book is mine that is on the table.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 2 and 3, p. 271
Listening Practice
• Complete Exercise 5, p. 271-272
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
•
In addition to modifying subjects, adjective clauses can also replace the
objects of verbs.
•
I enjoyed talking to the person. We met the person at Jack's party.
•
In this sentence, “the person” is the object of our predicate – enjoyed
talking to – the object here explains WHO you enjoyed talking to.
•
I enjoyed talking to the person who/whom/that we met at Jack's party.
•
This sentence has an adjective clause: who(m) we met at Jack's party.
The clause modifies the object of the main sentence: the person.
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
• I enjoyed the trip. I took the trip last week.
• I enjoyed the trip that/which I took last week.
• The sentence with that has an adjective clause: that I took
last week. In the clause, that is the object of the main verb,
enjoyed. The clause modifies the object of the sentence: the
trip.
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
•
The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him.
•
Him is the object of saw.
•
The man who/m I saw was Mr. Jones.
•
The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
•
Incorrect:
•
The man who I saw him was Mr. Jones
•
The man that I saw him was Mr. Jones
•
The pronoun HIM must be removed. It is unnecessary because who/that functions as the object of the verb,
“saw”
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
• We saw the movie last night. It wasn’t very good.
• Movie is the object of saw:
• The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good.
• The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good.
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
•
An object pronoun is often omitted from an adjective clause.
•
A subject pronoun cannon be omitted.
•
The man who I saw was Mr. Jones.
•
VS.
•
The man I saw was Mr. Jones
•
The movie that we saw last night wasn’t very good.
•
VS.
•
The movie we saw last night wasn’t very good.
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
• When used as an object, we use the following pronouns:
• Who = people
• Whom = people
• Which = things
• That = people & things
Adjective Clause Pronouns
-Used as the Object of a Verb
• Who vs. whom
• Who is usually used instead of whom, especially when
speaking.
• Whom is generally used only in very formal English.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 7 and 8, p. 273-274
Adjective Clause
-Pronouns used as object of a preposition
• Adjective clauses can also be used as the object of a
preposition.
• In very formal English, the preposition comes at the
beginning of the adjective clause:
• She is the woman about whom I told you.
• The music to which we listened last night was very good.
Adjective Clause
-Pronouns used as object of a preposition
• In everyday usage, the preposition comes after the subject
and verb of the adjective clause:
• She is the woman who I told you about.
• The music that we listened to last night was good.
Adjective Clause
-Pronouns used as object of a preposition
• If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective
clause, only whom or which may be used.
• A preposition is never immediately followed by that or who.
• Croatia is the country from which my family hails.
• NOT
• Croatia is the country from that my family hails.
Determine all possible adjective clause patterns
to combine the following sentences:
• The man is standing over there. I was telling you about him.
• I must thank the people. I got a present from.
• The meeting was interesting. Omar went to it.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 10, 12, and 14, p. 274-276
Using Whose
• Whose is used to show possession. It carries the same
meaning as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives
(his/her/its/their).
• Like his/her/its/their, whose is connected to a noun:
• His bicycle – whose bicycle
• Her composition – whose composition
• Both whose and the noun it is connected to are placed at
the beginning of the adjective clause.
• Whose cannot be omitted.
Using Whose
• Examples:
• I know the man. His bicycle was stolen.
• I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
• The student writes well. I read her composition.
• The student whose composition I read writes well.
Using Whose:
• Whose usually modifies people, but it may also be used to
modify things:
• I worked at a company whose employees wanted to form a
union.
• I taught at a school whose students were terrible and at
another school whose students were wonderful.
Using Whose:
• Pronunciation:
• Whose and who’s have the same pronunciation
• However, who’s means “who is” or “who has”
• That’s the boy who’s in my math class. (boy who is)
• That’s the boy who’s been living at our house since his mother was
arrested. (boy who has)
Practice
• Complete Exercises 17 and 18, p. 277-278
Using Where
•
Where can be used in an adjective clauses to modify a place (city,
country, room, house, etc.)
•
If where is used, a preposition is NOT included in the adjective clause.
• The building where he lives is very old.
• That is the neighborhood where I grew up.
• Kansas City is where I come from.
•
If where is NOT used, a preposition (that/in which) MUST be included.
• The building in which he lives is very old.
• That is the neighborhood that I grew up in.
• Kansas City is the city that I come from.
Combine the two sentences. Use the
second sentence as an adjective clause
starting with where.
• The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there (in that
city).
• That is the restaurant. I will meet you there (at that
restaurant).
• The office is busy. I work there (in that office).
• That is the drawer. I keep my jewelry there (in that
drawer).
Using When
• When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time
(year, day, time, century, etc.)
• I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
• I’ll never forget the time when I had pneumonia.
• The colonies declared war on England when they were
overtaxed.
Using When
• The use of a preposition (other than when) in an adjective
clause that modifies a noun of time is different than other
adjective clauses:
• A preposition is used before which OR the preposition is omitted.
• I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
• I’ll never forget the time I had pneumonia.
Combine the two sentences. Use the second
sentence as an adjective clause starting with
when.
• Monday is the day. They will come then (on that day).
• 7:05 is the time. My plane arrives then (at that time).
• 1960 is the year. The revolution took place then (in that
year).
• July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest then
(in that month).
Listening Practice
• Complete Exercise 29, p. 281
Practice
• Complete Exercise 27, p. 281
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify
Pronouns
• Adjective clauses can modify indefinite pronouns like someone or
everybody.
• When modifying an indefinite pronoun, the object pronoun
(who/m, that, which) in the adj. clause is usually omitted.
• There is someone (that) I want you to meet.
• Everything (that) he said was pure nonsense.
• Anybody who wants to come is welcome.
• Anyone who wishes to apply should do so.
• Note: if the indefinite pronoun contains “any,” we still need the object
pronoun in the adj. clause
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify
Pronouns
• Adjective clauses can also be used to modify the one(s) and
those.
• Paula was the only one (that) I knew at the party.
• Scholarships are available for those who need financial
assistance.
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify
Pronouns
• An adjective clause beginning with which can also be used to
modify the demonstrative pronoun that:
• We sometimes fear that which we do not understand.
• People are sometimes obsessed with that which can destroy
them.
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify
Pronouns
• Adjective clauses are almost never used to modify personal
pronouns.
• These are the personal pronouns in English:
• First-person singular: I (subject); me (object)
• First-person plural: we (subject); us (object)
• Second-person singular and plural: you (subject and object)
• Third-person singular: he, she, it (subject); him, her, it (object)
• Third-person plural: they (subject); them (object)
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify
Pronouns
• INCORRECT EXAMPLE:
• I who am a student at this school come from a country in Asia.
• The adjective clause WHO AM A STUDENT AT THIS SCHOOL modifies “I”
• CORRECT, BUT OVERLY FORMAL AND UNCOMMON:
• It is I who am responsible.
• We who are about to die salute you.
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify
Pronouns
• If a personal pronoun is used as an indefinite pronoun
meaning “anyone” or “any person,” then an adjective clause
may be used to modify it.
• Examples:
• He who laughs last laughs best.
• They who are without fault should cast the first stone.
Listening Practice
• Complete Exercise 32, p. 283
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
• General guidelines:
• DO NOT USE COMMAS IF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS RESTRICTIVE
(it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies)
• USE COMMAS IF the adjective clause is nonrestrictive (it just gives
additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it
modifies.
• NONRESTRICTIVE adjective clauses are MORE COMMON in writing
than in speaking.
• This is one of the most common punctuation errors I see level 4
writing students make!!!
Example – Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive
Punctuation
• Restrictive
• The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer.
• No commas are used because the adjective clause is necessary to identify
which professor is meant.
• Nonrestrictive
• Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent lecturer.
• Commas are used because the adjective clause is not necessary to identify
Professor Wilson. We already know who he is: he has a NAME. The
adjective clause simply gives additional information.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
• SIMPLE GUIDELINE:
• Use commas if an adjective clause modifies a proper noun (the specific
name of a person, place or thing – proper nouns are capitalized)
• Examples:
• Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.
• Mrs. Smith, who is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hosipital.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
• SIMPLE GUIDELINE:
• If NO COMMAS are used, ANY possible pronoun may be used in the
adjective clause. Object pronouns MAY also be omitted (left out).
• The man who/that/0 I met teaches chemistry.
• When COMMAS ARE USED, the pronoun “THAT” MAY NOT BE
USED. (Only use who/whom/which/whose/where/when.) Also, object
pronouns MAY NOT be omitted (left out).
• Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry.
• NOT
• Mr. Lee, that I met yesterday, teacher chemistry.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
• Punctuation in adjective clauses may change the meaning of the
sentence.
• Example:
• We took some children on a picnic. The children, who wanted to play
soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park.
• Meaning: The commas mean that ALL of the children wanted to play soccer
and the ALL ran to an open field. The adjective clause just gives us additional
information about the children.
• We took some children on a picnic. The children who wanted to play
soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The others
played a different game.
• Meaning: The lack of commas means that only SOME of the children wanted
to play soccer. The adjective clause is used to identify which children ran to
the open field from those that did not.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
• Read the sentence on the following slides and determine the
meaning of the sentence based on the punctuation of the
adjective clause.
• My son who talked to Mary looks like John.
• I have one son.
• I have more than one son.
• The milk, which is still on the first shelf, is spoiled.
• There is only one carton of milk.
• There’s probably milk on another shelf too.
• I took the umbrella, which was in the car.
• There was only one umbrella.
• There was more than one umbrella.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 35, 37, and 40, p. 286-288
Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective
Clauses
• An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with
“of” (quantity word + of).
• Common Expressions of Quantity:
• Some of
• Many of
• Most of
• None of
• One/two/three/four…. Of
• Half of
• Both of
Expressions of Quantity with Adjective
Clauses
• The expression of quantity precedes (comes before) the
pronoun.
• Only WHOM, WHICH, and WHOSE are used with expressions
of quantity.
• Commas are used with this type of adjective clause.
• (This is more common in writing than speaking)
Expressions of Quantity in Adjective
Clauses
• Examples:
• In my class there are 20 students. Most of them are from Asia.
• In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from Asia.
• He gave several reasons. A few of the reasons were valid.
• He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
• The teachers discussed Jim. One of Jim’s problems was poor study
habits.
• The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habits.
Practice
• Complete Exercise 43, p. 290
Using WHICH to Modify a Whole Sentence
•
THAT and WHICH can refer to the idea of a whole sentence which comes
before.
•
Similarly, an adjective clause with WHICH can modify the idea of a whole
independent clause (sentence) before it.
•
Examples:
•
Tom was late. That surprised me.
• THAT refers to the whole sentence “Tom was late.”
•
Tom was late, which surprised me.
• WHICH refers to the whole part of the sentence before it – “Tom was late”
Using WHICH to Modify a Whole Sentence
• Whenever you write a adjective clause using which to modify
a whole sentence a comma is used with it to reflect a pause
in speech.
• The elevator is out of order, which is too bad.
• My students are doing well in grammar class, which is
awesome.
Using WHICH to Modify a Whole Sentence
• Using WHICH to modify a whole sentence is informal and
mostly occurs in spoken English.
• Don’t use it in formal writing.
Combine the 2 sentences using which +
2nd sentence to form an adj. Clause
• She usually came toe work late. That upset her boss.
• Her boss fired her. That made her angry.
• She hadn’t saved any money. That was unfortunate.
• She had to borrow some money from me. I didn’t like that.
• She has found a new job now. That is lucky.
• She has repaid me the money she borrowed. I appreciate
that.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 47 and 48, p. 292-293
Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective
Phrases
• CLAUSE: A group of related words that contains a subject
AND a verb.
• PHRASE: A group of related words that does not contain
both a subject and a verb.
• An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. It
still modifies a noun, but it does not contain both a subject +
verb like an adjective clause does.
Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective
Phrases
• Only adjective clauses that have a SUBJECT pronoun (who,
which, that) are reduced to adjective phrases.
• The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai. (Clause)
• The girl sitting next to me is Mai. (Phrase)
• The girl (whom) I saw was Mai. (Cannot be reduced).
Reducing Adjective Clauses with being
verbs to Adjective Phrases
• If the adjective clause contains a being verb (am/is/are/was/were),
omit the subject pronoun and the being verb:
• The man who is talking to John is from Korea. (Clause)
• The man talking to John is from Korea. (Phrase)
• The dogs that are on the couch are mine. (Clause)
• The dogs on the couch are mine. (Phrase)
Reducing Adjective Clauses with being
verbs to Adjective Phrases
• If an adjective clause made of a be verb + single adj. is
reduced, the adjective is moved to its normal position before
the noun it modifies:
• Fruit that is fresh tastes better than old, soft, mushy fruit.
• Fresh fruit tastes better than old, soft, mushy fruit.
• INCORRECT: Fruit fresh tastes better than old, soft, mushy
fruit
Reducing Adjective Clauses w/o being
verbs to Adjective Phrases
•
If there is no being verb in the adj. clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun
and change the verb to its –ing (progressive) form.
•
English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
•
English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
•
Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
•
Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
•
Anyone who wishes to register for classes should do so quickly.
•
Anyone wishing to register for classes should do so quickly.
Reducing Adjective Clauses with being
verbs to Adjective Phrases
• If the adj. clause is non-restrictive (it requires commas), the
adjective phrase ALSO requires commas.
• Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
• Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city.
• An adj. phrase in which a noun follows another noun (like
the example above) is called an appositive.
Practice
• Complete Exercises 51, 53, 54, 57, and 58 – p. 295-300
• Complete Chapter Review Handout