Transcript Combining Sentences Using Co-ordination

Combining Sentences
Chapter 6, pg 100
Why combine sentences?
Why not write like this?
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See Spot run. Spot chases Mitten.
See Mittens run.
Mittens runs fast.
See Mittens climb a tree.
Two Ways to Combine Sentences
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Coordination (Chpt 6 pg 100)
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Subordination (Chpt 7, pg 120)
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Definitions
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A PHRASE – a group of words that belong
together but lack one of the three elements
necessary for a sentence
A CLAUSE – a group of words that has a
subject and a verb
What is coordination
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Co-ordination is the pairing of similar
elements – words, phrases, or clauses – to
give equal weight to each.
What is co-ordination?
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Co-ordination can link two independent clauses
to form a compound sentence.
There are three ways to combine sentences.
Use Coordination when
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you have two sentences that contain ideas
of equal importance.
The clauses are independent (simple
sentences). (have subjects, verbs, and
complete thoughts).
How to combine sentences to
produce a compound sentence (pg 101)
1.Use a comma & a coordinating conjunction
Everyone needs what the farmers produce, so
we should be concerned about their problems.
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A conjunction is a connecting or joining word.
What is the conjunction in this sentence?
Name the seven co-ordinating conjunctions.
Combining Sentences
Using Co-ordination
conjunctions (pg 101). Explained on 102
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For
And
Nor
•But
•Or
•Yet
•So
Identifying co-ordinating
conjunctions
Pg 102, “Practice”
Identify the subject and verb for each independent clause.
Then circle the comma and coordinating conjunction.
The speaker rose to his feet, and the room
became quiet.
Subject
Verb
_________ ____________
audience
was packed,
Subject
for ____
this ____
was
Verb
1. The
with an international reputation.
a man
Identifying co-ordinating
conjunctions practice pg 102
Subject Verb
2. ___
He could
have told
________________
Subject Verb
______
instead ___
he spoke
Subject Verb
_______
words _____
were
3. His
attentive.
about all his successes but |
about his disappointments.
electric so the
Subject Verb
4. _I should
have brought
_____________________
Subject
crowd was
_______
____
Verb
a tape recorder or at least
Subject Verb
I should
have taken notes.
__
___________________
Do I have to have a comma?
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You can leave it out in a short
compound sentence but it is never
wrong to include it
Caution
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When using a comma in this type of
compound sentence, be sure it truly is a
compound sentence.
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It HAS to have 2 independent clauses (IC)
IC ,
conjunction IC
I left early,
for
the bus is often late.
Caution
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Don’t use a comma if the second part of
the sentence is not an independent clause.
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I left early, for work. WRONG
I left early for work . RIGHT
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How do I know where/when to put the
comma? Listen for the pause in your
breath. No pause? No comma needed.
Option 2: Semicolon +
2. Use a semicolon, an adverbial conjunction,
and a comma – why? To add more emphasis.
(Pg 106)
I worked hard; therefore, I expected results.
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What is the adverbial conjunction in this
sentence?
How to combine sentences
Some common adverbial conjunctions.
Contrast
Alternative
Result
Pg 107 Addition
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In addition
However
Instead
Accordingly
Also
Nevertheless
On the other
hand
Hence
Besides
nonetheless
Otherwise
Therefore
Furthermore
Thus
Moreover
Likeness
Emphasis
To show time
Likewise
Indeed
Meanwhile
similarly
In fact
Identifying adverbial
conjunctions – pg 107, Practice
Identify the subject and verb for each independent
clause. Then circle the semicolon, adverbial
conjunction, and comma.
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The jet was the fastest way to get there;
moreover, it was the most comfortable.
The restaurant is always too crowded on
Saturdays; nevertheless, it serves the best food in
town
Identifying adverbial conjunctions
Pg 107, Practice
2. The land was not for sale; however, the house
could be rented.
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3. The lawsuit cost the company several million
dollars; consequently, the company went out of
business.
4. The doctor told him to lose weight; furthermore,
she instructed him to stop smoking.
Caution
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Don’t use a comma instead of a semicolon.
The land was not for sale, however,
the house could be rented. WRONG
The land was not for sale; however,
the house could be rented. RIGHT
Caution
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The land was not for sale; however the
house could be rented. WRONG
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The land was not for sale; however, the
house could be rented. RIGHT
Option 3: Use a Semicolon
3. Use a semicolon (pg 105)
I worked hard; I expected results.
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These MUST be two complete sentences.
Here the semicolon takes the place of a
conjunction.
Semicolons (continued)
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Use a semicolon only when the content of two
clauses is closely related.
When sentences are combined using a
semicolon, the grammatical structure of each
sentence should be similar (parallel).
The women pitched the tents; the men cooked
dinner.
Exercise 7 on pg 112 – place the semicolon
Exercise 7, pg 112
1. The assistant wrote the speech the manager
delivered it at the national meeting.
2. The man stood in front of me the others stood to
the side.
3. The apartment was light and airy the property was
neat and clean.
Review (pg 113)
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As a writer, why would you want to use
co-ordination?
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When do you use co-ordination?
when two phrases/clauses are equal
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Name the three ways to combine sentences
using co-ordination.
Practice: Relay Race
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Get into 2 groups
Decide your order
Sentence combining relay! Go!
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Each sentence that appears, your group’s
representative will have to
1. underline the subject
2. highlight the verb
3. Identify the combination or combine the
sentences.
4. The person who answered, initial it!
5. Check your answer with Mrs. T to move
on to the next sentence!
Combining Sentences using
Subordination
Chapter 7, pg 120
Subordination
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Method of combining
two clauses that
contain ideas that are
not equally
important
Subordination
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Combines an INDEPENDENT clause
and a DEPENDENT clause.
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IC: I drank the water
DC: When I drank the water…
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Independent V. Dependent
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Independent = can stand alone
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You, as an adult are independent. You can
survive on your own.
Dependent = a fragment
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You have DEPENDENT children, they
NEED you to survive
Exercise 1, pg 121
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IC 1.
IC 2.
DC 3.
IC 4.
IC 5.
IC or DC?
Americans adore pets
although high-end pet food is very expensive
when Fifi needs the right cut
some pet stylists can earn one hundred
dollars an hour
many pet owners take their pets to daycare
Exercise 1, pg 121
DC
DC
IC
IC
DC
6. because pet play groups encourage
socialization
7. since veterinarians now treat animal obesity
8. animals can be treated for skin disorders at an
animal dermatologist
9. pets have been shown to lower their owners
blood pressure
10. even if some pets have been known to bite
Using Subordinating Conjunctions
pg 123
Frequency used subordinating conjunctions
After
In order that
Unless
Although
Once
Until
As, as if
Provided that
When, whenever
As long as, as though Rather than
Where, wherever
Because
Since
Whereas
Before
So that
Whether
Even though
Though
While
If, even if
Subordinating Conjunctions (124)
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To introduce a condition
I will go as long as you go with me
To introduce a contrast
I will go even though you wont go with me
To introduce a cause
I will go because the meeting is important
To show time, place or purpose
when, until, wherever, so that
Exercise 4 pg 126
1. He was eating breakfast. The results of the
election came over the radio.
1. While he was eating breakfast, the results
of the election came over the radio.
2. The town council voted against the plan. They
believed the project was too expensive.
2. The town council voted against the plan
because they believed the project was too
expensive.
3.
3. II will
will see
see Maya
Maya Angelou
Angelou tonight
tonight.because
she
Sheisisspeaking
speakingatatthe
theuniversity.
university.
4.
4. The
The worker
worker hoped
hoped for
for aa promotion.
promotion even
though
not oneinperson
in the department
had
Not
one person
the department
had received
a promotion
areceived
promotion
last year. last year.
5.
5. The
Because
worker
thehoped
worker
forhoped
a promotion.
for a promotion,
hehis
didwork
all hiswas
work
accurately
andand
onon
time.
All
done
accurately
time.
Subordination using
Relative Pronouns
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Sentences can be combined using a relative
pronoun. (Who, whose, whoever, what,
whatever, whichever, when, that…)
The researcher had a breakthrough.
He was studying diabetes.
The researcher who was studying diabetes had a
breakthrough.
Incorrect would be: The researcher had a breakthrough
who was studying diabetes.
Exercise 8 pg 132
Stress can
do awe
great
deal of harm.
1. Stress,
which
experience
every day, can
We
stress
every day.
do aexperience
great deal of
harm.
2.
food
help them often
cope.use
2. People
People often
whoseuse
jobs
aretodemanding
Some
people’s
jobscope.
are demanding.
food to
help them
3.
3. The
The practice
practice of
of eating
eating to
to cope
cope with
with stress
stress,iswhich
automatic.
Theback
practice
of eating is
to often
cope usually
usually goes
to childhood,
goes
back to childhood.
automatic.
Exercise 8, pg 132 (Continued)
4. Some foods that people turn to in times of
stress can actually increase tension.
5. Sweet foods, which are popular with
people who need a lift, are actually not
energy boosters.
6. Another substance that people use to get an
energy boost is caffeine.
7. One of the biggest mistakes is to use alcohol,
which is really a depressant, as an aid to
achieving calm.
8. People who want to feel a sense of calm should
eat three meals a day and two small snacks.
9. Getting enough protein is also important in
keeping an adequate energy level, which will get
you through the day.
10. A person should eat regularly to avoid binges,
which put on pounds and drain one’s energy.
Review of Subordination, pg 134
I.
Use a Subordinating Conjunction
Begin with independent clause, don’t use a
comma
a.
a.
WE can finish our homework if Tamika leaves.
Begin with the dependant clause, use a comma.
b.
a.
If Tamka leaves, we can finish our homework.
Review of Subordination
II. Use a Relative Pronoun
a.
if the relative clause is essential info, the clause is
restrictive, don’t use comma.
a.
You should never eat fruit that you haven’t washed
first.
b. If the relative clause is not essential, use comma.
Mother’s fruit salad, which she prepares every
Sunday, is delicious.