Transcript Parts of Speech - Quick Review

Language Studies and Academics
Parts of Speech
1
Parts of Speech - Quick Review
Person, place, or
Noun
thing
Action or state of
Verb
being
Replaces
Pronoun
a noun
Shows a relationship
Preposition
(in place or time)
Describes
Adjective
a noun
Connecting
Conjunction
words
Describes
Adverb
a verb
Short exclamation
Interjection
inserted
in sentence
Kinds of Sentences
Declarative – makes a statement
– Your order is ready.
Interrogative – asks a question
?
– Has Mona stopped by yet?
Imperative – gives a command
– Please stir the soup.
Exclamatory – expresses strong emotion
– What a game that was!
– I’m so sad!
!
Verb Function:
Action or State
Verbs often describe actions.
walk
walking
drive
drove
eat
had eaten
Verbs can also describe states of being.
The verb ‘to be’ is the most common example:
(be, being, is, was, has been, etc.)
to appear
to seem
to taste
to feel
to sound
to become
to look
to grow
Verbs as States of Being Examples
• It is good to drive carefully.
• John looks pale.
• The judge seemed fair.
• The weather has become very warm.
• That event was so much fun!
• My sister sounded angry.
Language Studies and Academics
Subjects + Predicates
6
Subjects & Predicates
Subject
•Names the
person, place, or thing
about which
something is said.
Predicate
Tells what
the subject does, or
what is done to
the subject.
Example
Find the complete subject and predicate in the sentence below. (click to reveal)
Now find the simple subject and predicate. (click to reveal)
Simple Subject
Simple
Predicate
The man in the brown coat sat down abruptly.
(complete subject)
(complete predicate)
Language Studies and Academics
Clauses
Independent Clause = complete sentence
Dependent Clause = sentence fragment
9
What is a Clause?
A clause is a word group that contains a subject and verb,
but may or may not express a complete thought.
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
Expresses complete thought.
Stands alone.
Works as simple sentence.
Does not express complete
thought.
Cannot stand alone.
Relies on another word group.
Note: a dependent clause might also
be called a subordinate clause
Dependant Clauses
A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb
BUT… does not express a complete thought.
Examples:
Notice how the
first word makes
Since I came here
these clauses
When we go home
dependent: since,
when, before etc.
Before Mohammed writes a test
After the Land Cruiser rolled down the dune
These clauses DEPEND on other word groups to form full sentences.
Language Studies and Academics
Apostrophes
12
Apostrophe - 2 main uses
1. CONTRACTION: shows omission of letters
• Have not = haven’t
• I will = I’ll
2. POSSESSION: shows ownership
• The umbrella that belongs to Mark. [Mark’s
umbrella]
• The toys possessed by children. [children’s toys]
Note: The ’s goes with the owner or possessor.
What follows is the person or thing possessed.
Apostrophe - Possession
Singular owner
• Always add ’s - even if the singular word ends in
“s”.
Example: car’s tires; James’s hat;
Plural owner
• If the word ends in “s” , just add an apostrophe ’
Example: ladies’ coats
• If the plural word does not end in “s” , you must
Apostrophe – Other Uses
Indefinite pronouns
Form possessive by adding ’s
Anybody+ ’s = anybody’s
no one + ’s = no one’s
Abbreviated Dates
Show the omission of numbers in a date
class of ’98 (= 1998)
a ’72 Land Cruiser (= 1972)
Irregular Plurals
Form plural of letters, figures and words used as
items
silent e’s
two 6’s
her thank you’s
Language Studies and Academics
Commas
16
Comma - Uses
1. Separate items in a series (words, phrases,
clauses)
The souq vendor sold watches, necklaces, and earrings.
Words
Rashid rushed into class, sat in a seat, and wrote in his
notebook.
Phrases
The paramedic showed when long splints are used, how
they are applied, and how to recognize if they are too tight.
Clauses
Comma - Uses
2. Set off introductory material (word, phrase or
clause)
Word
Luckily, Sherry applied the brakes and
avoided a car accident.
Phrase
After the evening meal, Ali went for a ride.
Clause
When you leave school, you must remember to
study before the next day’s class.
Comma - Uses
3. To set off nouns of direct address
Hamad, listen to the words.
Class, stay seated.
4. To set off words that interrupt sentence flow
The chicken sandwich, topped with lettuce and tomatoes, was
very tasty.
His presentation was, I believe, the best given today.
Comma - Uses
5. Before a conjunction to join 2 independent
clauses
Sam closed all the windows, but the thunderstorm never arrived.
6. To set off a direct quotation from rest of
sentence
The carnival worker yelled, “Step right up and win a prize!”
7. To set off appositives
The instructor, Mohammed Al Ali, spoke to the students.
Comma
8. For various everyday material
Dates - January 6, 2008
Place Names / addresses - Doha, Qatar
Openings/closings of letters - Sincerely,
Numbers - QR 2,000
9. To avoid confusion (although no rule may
apply)
Outside the class was noisy.
or
Outside, the class was noisy.
Language Studies and Academics
Semi-Colons and Colons
22
Semi-colon
1. To join the parts of a compound sentence if no
coordinating conjunction is used.
Aisha seemed preoccupied; she answered questions abruptly.
2. Before a conjunctive adverb that joins the clauses of a
compound sentence
I was tired; however, I finished my studying.
3. To clarify a sentence that has several commas or within
a series
I have lived in London, England; Paris, France; and Doha, Qatar.
Revised June 2008
23
Colon - uses
• To introduce a list of items
I need three things at the store: cereal, rice, and milk.
(Note: Content before colon should be an independent clause)
• After a business letter greeting
Dear Mrs. Mohammad:
Dear Sir:
• Between numerals showing hours and minutes
7:30 A.M.
Revised June 2008
10:35 P.M.
24
Language Studies and Academics
Capital Letters
25
Capital Letters - Uses
First word in a sentence or direct quotation
– Today is a school day.
– “We know that today is a school day”, said
Fahad.
Names of persons and the pronoun “I”
– Khalid and I are in the same program.
NOTE
DO - use capitals when titles are used as names
Mother and Father are going to the wedding.
DON’T - use capitals if such titles are preceded by possessive.
My mother and father are going to the wedding.
Capital Letters - Uses
Titles used with people’s names
– I like Mr. Smith’s tie.
– I think Dr. Badran is on duty today.
Titles of very high importance, even without a
name
– The Emir announced that Qatar is
moving quickly into the next century .
Capital Letters - Uses
Names of geographical places
– South America; Africa; (continents)
– the Pacific Ocean; the Aegean Sea (bodies of
water)
Note: Do not capitalize ‘the’ if not part of the name
Sections of geographical places
– The North of Qatar is quite interesting.
Note: Do not capitalize directions of the compass
(EG: Al Khor is north of Doha.)
Capital Letters - Uses
Names of weekdays, months, and holidays
– Monday, March, Independence Day,
Races, languages, nationalities, and religion
– Oriental, Japanese, Qatari, Muslim
Names of commercial products
– Tide, KFC, Oakley, Max,
Capitals
Capitalize the titles of:
• books
• magazines
Book title: The Merchant of Venice
Chapter title: Chapter 6,
• newspapers
“Capitalization”
• articles
Magazine: Middle East Women
• songs
Newspaper: The Gulf Times
• stories and poems
• films and TV shows
• papers that you write
Capitals
Capitalize the names of…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
companies
associations
unions
clubs
religious groups
political groups
other organizations
Company: Mannai
Association: World Health
Organization
Club: Al Sadd Sports Club
Capitalization - other uses
• Names of school subjects (when followed by
number)
Business Communication 1241; business
communication
Note: The names of languages are always
capitalized.
English, Arabic, Chinese
• First word of each item in an outline
• Introduction
• Findings
• Recommendations
Language Studies and Academics
Numbers
33
Numbers – Common Rules
Use written form if it requires two words or
less.
one hundred or sixty-two
Use numerals if it requires more than two
words.
3,325
BUT: Be consistent - when using numbers in
a series.
If some numbers in a
After the storm, maintenance
workers unclogged 46 drains,
removed 123 broken tree
limbs, and rescued 3 kittens.
sentence/paragraph require
more than two words, use
numerals for all.
Numbers - more rules
Use numerals for dates, times, addresses,
percentages, degrees, decimals, page numbers, and
chapters of a book.
In April, 2007, our address was 26 University Street.
The class in room 318 is working on algebra problems.
Do not start a sentence with a numerical form.
Three per cent of the classes were missed by Sara.
Sara missed 3% of the classes.
Language Studies and Academics
Subject-Verb Agreement
36
Subject-Verb Agreement
The subject must match the verb (predicate)
Basic Rule:
– Singular subject = singular verb
“The child (want/wants) her mother.”
– Plural subject = plural verb
“The children (want/wants) their mother.”
Subject-Verb Agreement
Some more basic rules:
– Verb agrees with subject when verb comes first
“There (is/are) many ladies at Chanel.”
– Words that come between the subject + verb do not
change this requirement
“The stain on your thobe (come/comes) from the
coffee you drank earlier today.”
Subject-Verb Agreement
And then there are some exceptions!
(see worksheet)