Transcript Arabic Grammar Part 2 “Verbs” Lesson seven

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 20
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
The pronouns (DHAMAAER)
•
1.
2.
1.
2.
•
1.
2.
There are two types of pronouns:
Detached (MONFASILAH) ‫( أياك نعبد= منفصلة‬You only we
worship)
Attached (MOTASILAH) ‫( نعبدك = متصلة‬we worship you)
The attached are divided into two types:
Attached to the nouns (possessors) , ‫(كتابك‬your book) ‫كتابي‬
(my book)
Attached to the verbs,  ‫ نعبدك‬, ‫( كتبوا‬they wrote)
Pronouns related to the verbs are further divided
Grammatically into two types as well:
Subject nouns: ‫( كتبوا‬they) ‫هم‬
Object nouns: ‫أياك نعبد‬, ‫نعبدك‬
Pronouns
‫الضمائر‬
‫متصلة‬
Possessor
‫كتابك‬
Subject
‫كتبوا‬
‫منفصلة‬
Object
For transitive
verb
‫نعبدك‬
Subject Object
‫أياك‬
‫هم‬
Detached Subject Pronoun
The person
Single
dual
plural
1st
‫أَنَا‬
I
X
‫نَ ْحن‬
WE
2nd
َ‫( أَ ْنت‬m)
‫( أَ ْنت‬f)
YOU
‫أ َ ْنت َما‬
YOU BOTH
‫( أ َ ْنت ْم‬m)
‫) أ َ ْنت ْن‬f(
YOU ALL
‫ ه َو‬he
‫ي‬
َ ‫ ه‬she
‫ه َما‬
They both
‫(ه ْم‬m)
‫( ه ْن‬f)
they all
Male
female
3rd
male
female
Detached Object Pronoun
The person
Single
dual
plural
1st
‫ي‬
َ ‫أيَا‬
‫أيَانَا‬
‫أيَانَا‬
2nd
‫أيَا َك‬
‫أيَاك‬
‫أيَاك َما‬
‫أيَاك ْم‬
‫أيَاك ْن‬
‫أيَاه‬
‫أيَا َها‬
‫أيَاه َما‬
‫أيَاه ْم‬
‫أيَاه ْن‬
Male
female
3rd
male
female
Past tense +subject Pronoun (FAAE’L)
The person
‫ضرب‬
Single
dual
plural
1st
َ
‫ض َر ْبت‬
I hit
َ
‫ض َر ْبنَا‬
Both of us hit
َ
‫ض َر ْبنَا‬
We hit
2nd
َ
َ‫ض َر ْبت‬
َ
‫ض َر ْبت‬
You hit
َ
َ
‫ض َربت َما‬
‫ض َر ْبتم‬
Both of you hit ‫ض َر ْبتن‬
َ
All of you hit
َ
‫ب‬
َ ‫ض َر‬
He hit
َ
‫ض َر ْبت‬
She hit
َ
‫ض َربَا‬
َ
‫ض َر ْبتَا‬
They both hit
Male
female
3rd
male
female
َ
‫ض َربوا‬
َ
‫ض َر ْب َن‬
All of them hit
Present tense +subject Pronoun (FAAE’L)
The person
‫ضرب‬
Single
dual
plural
1st
ْ ‫أ‬
‫ض َرب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬
‫ضرب‬
ْ َ‫ن‬
‫ضرب‬
2nd
ْ َ‫ت‬
‫ضرب‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
‫ضرب ْين‬
ْ َ‫ي‬
‫ضربَان‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
‫ضربون‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
‫ضربن‬
ْ َ‫ي‬
‫ضرب‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
‫ضرب‬
ْ َ‫ت‬
‫ضربَان‬
ْ َ‫ي‬
‫ضربون‬
ْ َ‫ي‬
‫ضربن‬
Male
female
3rd
male
female
Past tense+ object pronouns (MAFO’OOL
BEHE)
The person
‫ضرب‬
Single
dual
plural
1st
َ
‫ض َر ْبني‬
He hit me
َ
‫ض َر ْبنَا‬
He hit both of us
َ
‫ض َربنَا‬
He hit all of us
2nd
َ
‫ض َربَ َك‬
َ
‫ض َربَك‬
He hit you
(m/F)
َ
‫ض َربَه‬
He hit Him
َ
‫ض َرب َها‬
He hit Her
َ
َ
‫ض َربك َما‬
‫ض َربَك ْم‬
َ
He hit both of ‫ض َربَك َّن‬
you
He hit all of
you (m/f)
َ
َ
‫ض َربه َما‬
‫ض َربَهم‬
َ
He hit Both of ‫ض َربَهن‬
them
He hit All of
them
Male
female
3rd
male
female
Imperative (command) +subject Pronoun
The person
‫ضرب‬
Single
dual
plural
ْ ‫ا‬
‫ضرب‬
ْ ‫ا‬
‫ضرب ْي‬
ْ ‫ا‬
‫ضربَا‬
ْ ‫ا‬
‫ضربو‬
ْ ‫ا‬
‫ضربن‬
1st
2nd
Male
female
3rd
male
female
Attached Pronouns + nouns (possessors)
The person
Single
dual
plural
1st
‫كتَابي‬
‫كتَابَنَا‬
‫كتَابَنَا‬
2nd
‫كتَابَ َك‬
‫كتَابَك‬
‫كتَابَك َما‬
‫كتَابَك ْم‬
‫كتَابَك ْن‬
‫كتَابَه‬
‫كتَابَ َها‬
‫كتَابَه َما‬
‫كتَابَه ْم‬
‫كتَابَهن‬
Male
female
3rd
male
female
EMPHASIS AND NON-EMPHASIS
• A verb is emphasized when heavy nūn of emphasis
is added to it, for example: ‫ليَبته َح َّن‬or the light nūn of
emphasis is added to it,
• for example:‫فر َحن‬
َ َ‫لي‬.
• The nūn of emphasis is not added to the past tense
at all.
• It is added to the imperative (AMR) form without
any conditions.
Emphasis of demanding present tense
• It is added to the present tense only with the
condition that indicates the future only.
• or if it is mentioned after a talab (demand) baleen
(soft) or be’anf (vigorous ) , nahi (prohibition),
imperative (command), tamani (wish), taraji (hope),
aradh (offer), tahdhidh (imposing),
• for example: . ‫س َّن من رحمةهللا‬
َ ‫ال تيأ‬
• Or, if it is mentioned after an oath,
• For example: .‫أبيک ألحفَ َظ َّن عَهدَک‬
‫و‬
َ
Conjugation of the all forms of verbs with nūn
of emphasis
• The present tense:
• Regular: ‫ ال يَنص َر َّن‬، ‫ النَنص َر َّن‬، ‫ال تَنص َرن ال أنص َر َّن‬
• Five verbs:
‫ ال تَنصر َّن‬،‫ال تَنصران‬،‫ اليَنصران‬، ‫ ال تَنصرن‬، ‫ال يَنصر َّن‬
Feminine noon ‫ التَنصرنان‬، ‫ال يَنصرنان‬
• LAAM of Emphasis ‫ لتَنص َر َّن‬،
• The imperative form: ، ‫ انصر َّن‬، ‫ انصر َّن‬، ، ‫انص َر َّن‬
‫انصرنان‬، ‫انصران‬
Demonstrative nouns (this, these, that, those) ‫أسماء‬
‫اإلشارة‬
Relative nouns (the one who) ‫األسماء‬
‫الموصولة‬
Verbs have implicit pronouns
• A clear pronoun is a pronoun that is written and spoken, for
example: . َ‫أنت‬
• An implied pronoun is intended and not written or said, for
example: ‫اف َهم‬In this example a ‘you ‫ ’أنت‬is implied in the verb.
1. In the present tense:
• A pronoun is implied with the singular third person pronoun, for
example: ‫( المسافر ينطلق‬when a sentence starts with a subject)
• It is implied with the singular masculine second person pronoun,
for example: . ‫تَسأل‬
• It is implied with all first person pronouns,
for example: .‫أسأل‬
2. In the past tense with the singular third person pronoun‫ق‬
َ َ‫ان َطل‬
3. In the command AMR with the singular masculine second
person pronoun, for example:‫أسأل‬
Change in the doubled letter word
• Double-lettered verbs are changed because of idghām. This
is obligatory if both of the like letters have vowel signs, for
example: . َّ‫َمد‬
• If the first letter has a vowel sign and the second letter does
not it is obligatory to write them separately if the sakūn is
used to connect the verb to the nominative pronoun with a
vowel sign, for example: . ‫َمدَدت‬
• It is permissible to do idghām or to write the letters
separately if it is a present tense verb in the SUKOON state
or a verb in the imperative form
• for example: َّ‫لم يَمد‬or .‫لم يَمدد‬
Notes on attached pronouns
1. When attaching to the pronoun, a triliteral hollow verb
whose third root letter is a vowel letter, the second root
letter will remain, for example: . ‫( قامت‬QAAMAT)
• But, if the third root letter does not have a vowel sign the
second root letter will be erased, for example: .‫صمت‬
(SUMTO)
2. If a defective verb (ends with a vowel letter) is connected
to the plural wāw or the second person yā’ its third root
letter will be erased. In this case, if the second root letter
has a fath ah, for example: , ‫ َر َمی‬it will remain the same,
for example: . ‫ َر َموا‬If the second root letter has a
d ummah, for example: ‫ يَدعو‬or a kasrah, for example:
, ‫ يَرمي‬it will be given a d ummah with the wāw and a
َ ‫يَدع‬
kasrah with the yā’, for example: ‫ون‬
3. The third root letter is also erased if it is an alif connected
to the feminine tā’,for example: .‫َر َمت‬
Connection with the subject pronouns
• If a defective verb is connected to the dual
alif or nā and the third root letter is an alif, it
will be changed back to what it originally
was, for example: . ‫َر َمينا‬
• But, if it is a verb with four or more letters,
the third root letter will be changed into a
yā’, for example: .‫اهتَدَيت‬