Transcript participles
PARTICIPLES AND ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLES • Participles are verbal adjectives. • As adjectives they are declined like regular adjectives. • The perfect passive participle and the future active participle are declined like first and second declension adjectives. • The present active participle is declined like a third declension I-stem adjective except in the ablative singular which usually ends in –e. PARTICIPLES • Although they are adjectives, they retain characteristics of verbs such as: – – – – – They can take direct objects They can take indirect objects They can generate dependent clauses They can be modified by adverbs They have tense and voice Present active participle present stem + -ns, -ntis Perfect passive participle fourth principal part of verb Future active participle participle stem + -urus, -ura, -urum Portans, portantis, Portatus, portata, portatum; Portaturus, portatura, portaturum; present active perfect passive future active Fugientes servi capti sunt. Adjective Participle Subordinate clause Temporal Concessive Conditional Relative The fleeing slaves were caught. While fleeing, the slaves were caught. Fleeing, the slaves were caught. While they were fleeing, the slaves were caught. When they were fleeing, the slaves were caught. As they were fleeing, the slaves were caught. Although they were fleeing, the slaves were caught. If they were fleeing, the slaves were caught. The slaves who were fleeing were caught. Copiae victae erant miserae. Adjective Participle Subordinate clause Temporal Causal Concessive Conditional Relative The conquered troops were unhappy. The troops conquered were unhappy. The troops being conquered were unhappy. The troops on being conquered were unhappy. The troops after being conquered were unhappy. The troops having been conquered were unhappy. The troops when they were conquered were unhappy. The troops after they had been conquered were unhappy. The troops since they had been conquered were unhappy. The troops although they had been conquered were unhappy. The troops if they had been conquered were unhappy. The troops who had been conquered were unhappy. Translate as: About to Going to Intend to This roundabout way of expressing the concept is called the periphrastic. When used with the verb to be, the system is called the active periphrastic conjugation. Discessurus est. Discessura erat. Discessuri fuerant He is about to leave. She was going to leave. They had intended to leave. The ablative absolute is a construct in which a noun is in the ablative case and it is accompanied by a participle which is also in the ablative case. The phrase serves to modify the verbal predicate of a sentence almost in the fashion of an adverb. Although the ablative absolute usually uses a participle, an adjective or another noun can be used. Pomis acceptis, discessit. Literal translation: As a subordinate clause: Temporal Causal Concessive Conditional The apples having been received, he departed. When the apples had been received, he departed. After the apples had been received, he departed. Since the apples had been received, he departed. Because the apples had been received, he departed. As the apples had been received, he departed. Although the apples had been received, he departed. If he received the apples, he departed.