Transcript `Standard` PAN 7, 8, 9

11-ICAL, Aussois, June 22-25, 2009
PAn morphology in phylogenetic
perspective
Laurent SAGART
CNRS, Paris
Sagart, L. (2004) The higher phylogeny of
Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai.
Oceanic Linguistics 43,2 (2004): 411-444.
updated in
Sagart, L. (2008) The expansion of setaria
farmers in east asia: a linguistic and
archaeological model. In Sanchez-Mazas A,
Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin M, eds. Past
human migrations in East Asia: matching
archaeology, linguistics and genetics, 133-
157. Routledge Studies in the Early History
of Asia, London: Routledge.
Higher An phylogeny based on
numerals
Luilang
Saisiat
Pazeh
PAn
Favorlang
Taokas
Atayal
pitu
Sediq
Thao
Siraya
lima
Hoanya
Papora
Tsou
enem
Saaroa
Kanabu
Bunun
walu, Siwa
Rukai
Kavalan
Ketagalan
Paiwan
Puyuma
puluq
Amis
PMP
FATK
PAN
NE Formosan
pitu '7'
Pathway of An
settlement of
Taiwan
lima '5'
enem '6'
puluq '10'
walu '8',
Siwa '9'
PMP
Malayo-Polynesian,
Tai-Kadai
This paper
Three morphological innovations
I. Replacement of 3rd person
pronouns
►Ross
(2006)
►Two reconstructible sets:
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*Cia
*Cia
*ni-Cia
*ni-a-Cia
The *sia set
(Atayal, MP)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*sia
*sia
*nia
*nia
► The
*Cia set is analytical, unbalanced
► The *sia set is synthetic, balanced
► signs that phonological reduction and
analogy have played a role
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*Cia
*Cia
*ni-Cia
*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*Cia
*Cia
*nCia
*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*Cia
*Cia
*nsia
*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*sia
*sia
*nsia
*ni-a-Cia
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*sia
*sia
*nsia
*nsia
The *Cia set
(Saisiat, Pazeh)
► nominative
singular
► nominative plural
► genitive singular
► genitive plural
*sia
*sia
*nia
*nia
This sequence of changes
completed after divergence of
Saisiat and Pazeh
II. Loss of *-en in PF /perfective
Patient focus perfective verbs:
► Paz,
Sai, Thao, Sir:
► Elsewhere:
Which is PAn ?
<in>V-en
<in>V
Loss of *-en
► motivation
is simplification
► Perf PF verbs common in discourse
► decrease marking of common forms
► without loss of a distinction:
► no verbs marked simply with <in>
motivation for gain of *–en ?
Prohibition of *-en in PF - PERF
verbs
► fixed
after the divergence of Pazeh, Saisiat,
Thao and Siraya
III. extension of ki- prefixation to
verb roots
Teng, S. and E. Zeitoun (ms c. 2005) The
passive ki- in Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma:
borrowing, shared innovation or parallel
development?
ki- + noun > ‘get N’, ‘collect N’
kaehoey ‘tree, wood, brushwood’
vs. ki-kaehoey ‘gather brushwood’,
► Kanakanavu tamemi ‘sweet potato’ vs.
ki-tamemi ‘gather sweet potatoes’,
► Puyuma daqiŋ 'a share' vs. ki-daqiŋ 'claim
► Saisiat
one's share'
ki + verb > get ‘V-ed’
Puyuma bekas ‘to interrogate’ vs.
ki-bekas ‘to get interrogated’
► Tona Rukai avase ‘to rob’ vs. ki-avase ‘to
get robbed’
► Paiwan seqas ‘to cut’ vs. ki-seqas ‘cut
oneself’
► Nanwang
► Rukai,
Bunun, Kavalan, Paiwan, Puyuma,
Amis, MP
parallel of English ‘get’
► originally
from Old Norse getan ‘to obtain,
reach’
► transitive verb taking nominals as its
objects.
► development of ‘get V-ed’ is mid-17th c.
(OED).
Three
morphological
innovations
This tree
► not
fully compatible with numerals-based
tree:
 need to allow prohibition of *-en to happen
twice (Atayalic, Enemish)
► but
tells a very similar story:
 homeland in NW Formosa
 settlement of west coast precedes settlement of
south and east coast
 MP subgroups with SE coast.
Converging evidence for this
scenario
► archaeology:
west coast neolithic older than
east coast neolithic
► Gray’s computational method (when
Chinese is the sole outgroup)
► population genetics...?
Thank you
for your attention