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Workshop 2
English 102
Today’s Assessments: pgs.33-34
 Oral activity explaining meaning of posters.
 Use description and adverbial and relative clause, to
describe the brochures.
 Descriptive essay of 2 to 3 pages on how you celebrate
your country’s Christmas season.
Practice from
Workshop 1
Infinitives & Gerunds
Cognates
Practice
Verbs with Prepositions
Verbs with Prepositions
Many verbs that are used without an object
are normally followed by a prepositional
phrase. Some verbs take a particular
preposition:
belong to
to
hope for
listen
consist of
insist on
pay for
relate to
hint at
lead to
qualify for
sympathize with
Verbs with Prepositions
The land belongs to a rich family.
She then referred to the Minister’s report.
Verbs with Prepositions
With other verbs that are used without an
object, the choice of a different
preposition may alter the meaning of the
clause.
Agree on/with
apologize for/to
result from/in
appeal for/with
conform to/with
suffer from/with
Verbs with Prepositions
They agreed on a plan of action.
You agreed with me that we should buy a
car.
His failure resulted from lack of attention
to details.
The match resulted in a draw.
Verbs with Prepositions
With verbs that are used without an object,
different prepositions are used to introduce
different types of information.
 ‘about’ indicates the subject matter
care
dream
hear
speak
think
complain
explain
know
talk
write
Verbs with Prepositions
We will always care about freedom.
Tonight I’m going to talk about engines.
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘at’ indicates direction
glance
grin
look
smile
glare
laugh
shout
stare
I don’t know why he was laughing at that joke.
‘Hey!’ she shouted at him.
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘for’ indicates purpose or reason
apologize
apply
look
wait
ask
He wanted to apologize for being late.
I’m going to wait for the next bus.
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘into’ indicates the object involved in a
collision
bump
crash
drive
His car crashed into the wall.
She drove into the back of the lorry.
run
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘of’ indicates facts or information
hear
know
talk
think
speak
I’ve heard of him but I don’t know who he is.
Do you know of the new plans for the sports
center?
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘on’ indicates confidence or certainty
count
depend
plan
rely
You can count on me.
You can rely on him to be polite.
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘to’ indicates the listener or reader
complain
talk
write
listen
explain
speak
say
They complained to me about the noise.
Mary turned her head to speak to him.
Verbs with Prepositions
 ‘with’ indicates someone whose opinion is
the same or different
agree
argue
disagree
side
Do you agree with me about this?
The daughters sided with their mothers.
Verbs with Prepositions
Some verbs have an object, but are also
followed by a preposition.
The police accused him of murder.
The borrowed some money from the bank.
Verbs with Prepositions
Some verbs can take either an object or a
prepositional phrase with no change in
meaning.
He had to fight them, even if it was wrong.
He was fighting against history.
Some verbs with prepositions…
 http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/verb_prepositi
on.html
 prepositional-verbs-10th-form.doc
 verb-and-prepositions_handout.pdf
 VERBS_WITH_PREPOSITION3.docx
Questions?
The Adverb Clause
 How?
•To what extent?
 Where?
•Under what
condition?
 When?
 Why?
Where can you find an adverb?
 Adverbs modify:
VERBS,
ADJECTIVES, and other ADVERBS
…therefore you can find them:
 Nearly anywhere in the sentence…
 However, they are usually near the verb, adjective or adverb they modify (but not
always)
Examples:

He can run fast. (tells: how he can run)

She really likes soccer. (tells: to what extent, she likes…)
More Examples:
 They can swim really quickly.
(modifies the adverb quickly. It answers – How quickly?)
 He is not enjoying this activity.
(Just remember the word not is always an adverb.)
 She is always late for class.
(The words always, never, sometimes, rarely, etc.
are also adverbs)
Adverbs answer where…
Your book is here.
Your pencil is there.
The birds are flying high.
The plane is flying by.
Adverbs answer when…
He came home late.
She woke early.
They are performing now.
She will do her homework later.
Unlike an adverb or an adverb phrase, an
adverb clause has a subject and a verb
ADVERB:
They will leave soon.
ADVERB PHRASE:
They will leave (in a few minutes).
ADVERB CLAUSE:
They will leave when they
S are
V ready.
Definition…
 An adverb clause is a subordinate (dependent clause) that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
 Like an adverb an adverb clause tells where, when, how,
why, to what extent or under what condition.
Adverb Clauses can also be found nearly
anywhere in the sentence…
…beginning, middle or end…
EXAMPLES:

You may sit wherever you wish.
(modifies the verb sit and tells where)

When spring sets in, many students go crazy.
(modifies the verb go and tells when)

Sammy and Alexandra look as though they have some exciting news for us.
(modifies the verb look, telling how S. and A. look)
More examples…
 Happy because she made an A, Maria hurried to phone
her mom.
(modifies the adjective Happy, telling why Maria was happy.)
 Will can climb higher than I can.
(modifies the adverb higher, telling to what extent or how much higher
Will can climb)
 If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to the beach for
class.
(modifies the verb will go, telling under what condition we will go to
the beach.)
COMMA RULES…
 When an adverb clause begins a
sentence, it is followed by a comma.
,
Subordinating Conjunctions:
 An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating
conjunction—a word that shows the relationship between
the adverb clause and the word or words that the clause
modifies.
Common Subordinating
Conjunctions:
after
as though
since
when
although
because
so that
whenever
as
before
than
where
as if
how
though
wherever
as long as
if
unless
whether
NOTE!
 The words after, as, before, since, and until are also commonly used as
prepositions.
Example:
PREPOSITION:
(After lunch) we’ll finish building the rocket.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:
After you wash the dishes, you can make the bed.
SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT)
CLAUSES:
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause
Relative
Relative
Subordinating
Pronoun
Adverb
Conjunction
Noun Clause
Practice!!
 clause_adverb.pdf
 2_adverb_clauses-3.pdf
RELATIVE
CLAUSES
Relative
Clauses are
formed by
joining 2
sentences:
- “Peter is the student”+ “He
comes from Glasgow”:
“Peter is the student WHO
comes from Glasgow”.
- “The books are on the table”
+ “They are mine”:
“The books WHICH are on the
table are mine”.
- “I’ve just met Tom” + “Tom
seems to be a nice guy”:
“I’ve just met Tom, WHO
seems to be a nice guy”
- “I’d love to visit London”+
“It is a beautiful city”:
- “I’d love to visit London,
WHICH is a beautiful city”
Remember:
When we join 2
sentences with a
Relative Pronoun or
Adverb, we have to omit
the noun/ pronoun/
possessive that the
Relative replaces (In the
previous sentences: He/
They/Tom /it)
Relative Clauses go
RIGHT AFTER the Noun
they modify.
1. Defining Relative Clauses
They define, give us essential information about a
general term or expression. Defining Relative
Clauses are not put in commas:
- I talked to the man who gave you the news.
- I read the letter which came this morning.
(Which man ? The one who gave you the news.)
(Which letter? the one that arrived this morning.)
Remember:
Use WHO to refer to
people and WHICH to
refer to animals, things,
…
“THAT” can replace WHO
and WHICH in Defining
Relative Clauses :
Did you know the girl
WHO/THAT came to the
party yesterday?
The book WHICH/THAT
I’m reading is very
interesting.
OMISSION OF
WHO, WHICH
AND THAT:
WHO, WHICH and THAT
can be the Subject of the
Relative Clause:
- I’ve talked to the man
WHO sold me his car.
(Who replaces The man
and is the Subject of the
Clause “sold me his car”)
- The dog WHICH barks
every night is my
neighbour’s. (Which is
the Subject of the clause
“barks every night”)
They can also be the Object
or go after a preposition:
- I loved the film (WHICH/
THAT) we saw last night.
- The man (WHO/THAT/
WHO) you mentioned is a
writer.
- I’ve found the keys for
(WHICH/THAT) I was looking.
=> I found the keys I was
looking for.
- Who was the boy to (who)
you were talking? => Who
was the boy you were talking
to?
When The Relative is the
Object, it can be (and it is
usually) omitted in Defining
Relative Clauses.
Other
Relatives:
WHEN (THAT)
shows Time:
- I will never forget the day +
I met my best friend that
day: I’ll never forget the day
(WHEN/THAT) I met my best
friend.
(WHEN can also be omitted
in Defining Relative
Clauses).
WHERE
refers to Places:
-This is the hotel + We are
staying at the hotel next
weekend:
This is the hotel WHERE we
are staying next weekend.
- The city is interesting + my
sister is living in the city:
The city WHERE my sister is
living is interesting.
WHOSE
shows Possession and it
replaces a Possessive
adjective or an ’s
possessive:
- The man was crying +
His house was on fire:
The man WHOSE house
was on fire was crying.
- Have you met the
people? + Their son is
moving to Washington:
Have you met the people
WHOSE son is moving to
Washington?
WHOM
is used instead of WHO in Formal Speech when it is
the Object of the Relative Clause or after a
preposition:
- I couldn’t talk to a friend + I called him last night:
I couldn’t talk to the friend WHOM I called last
night.
- I don’t know the student + The teacher was
shouting at the student: I don’t know the student at
WHOM the teacher was shouting.
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
They give us more (extra) information about a
person, animal, thing, … already identified ( by a
name, a possessive, …). They go between
commas.
- Your brother, who gave me the news, saw the
accident himself .
- I read Martin’s letter, which was full of gossip.
In Non-Defining Relative Clauses we can’t use
THAT and we can’t omit the Relatives:
-I liked Toy Story, which I’ve seen recently. (not
“that”, no Omission)
-Shakespeare, whom you just mentioned, is the
most famous British playwright. (not “that”, no
Omission)
-I’ve found my keys, which I had been looking
for. (not “that”, no Omission)
Defining
or NonDefining?
Remember:
Defining Relative Clauses:
- Don’t take commas.
- “That” can replace Who,
Which and When.
- You can omit Who, Which,
When and That when they
are not the Subject of the
Relative Clause.
Non-Defining Relative
Clauses:
- Go between commas.
- You can’t use “That”.
- You can’t omit the
Relatives.
Compare:
-The neighbours who live next door are
very friendly.
-My neighbours, who live next door, are …
- I enjoyed the film (which/that) you
recommended.
- I enjoyed Little Miss Sunshine, which
you recommended.
Practice!!
 relativos-agosto.doc
 relative-clauses.doc
Travel
Brochures!!
In pairs students will read the
brochures/travel guides .
Generate a list with travel related
words on the board. Then, classify
them by parts of speech
Finally, present your brochure and
tell us about the country!.
 Travelproblems.pdf
 Tourism___travel__Survey.pdf
 Travel___culture.pdf
 http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
xSNzUVNcHlU/Tsu1qRXnwbI/AAAAAAAACmo/qh5I95TNiQ/s1600/travel-vocabulary-mindmap.png
 Ch07_10_have_a_room_2.pdf
 Hotel__vocabulary_and_speaking_exercise.pdf
Assignments for Next Workshop!!
 Activities: 1,2,3,5, and 6
 Activity 1 counts as e-lab, if you bring proof of research and
source.
 Yellow folder with weekly evaluation form stapled
 Descriptive Paragraph
 Work you owe me from workshop 1.