Transcript Morphology - edms411-2

Morphology
The study of word formation
Observations

Boldest = bold + est
bold cannot be divided

Boy has a meaning in itself

At does not have a meaning, it indicates relationship

Serve can be a word, pre- as in preserve cannot

Friendliest works, friendestly does not.

TV and telly are formed from television
Conclusions
1. words are made up of meaningful units called
morphemes
2. lexical morphemes have meaning
And grammatical morphemes do not
3. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as free
morphemes can.
4. There are inflectional and derivational morphemes
5. Languages can create new words freely and
systematically.
Morpheme

A minimal unit having more or less constant meaning associated with
a more or less constant form.

Ex: buyers = {buy} + {er} + {s}

Evidence: buy, buying, farmer, driver, boys, dogs, cats..……
NOTE: morphemes and syllables are different.
See: cats and alligator…..how many syllables? And morphemes?
Practice
What does it mean?

{Mc} as in McMuffin, McNuggets

{oholic} as in workoholic, chocoholic, foodoholic
Action and package contain two morphemes. What is the
evidence?
{act} + {ion} and {pack} + {age}
Same look different morpheme …..
same morpheme …. Different look ….

Buyer and shorter.
{er}

{AG} and {COMP}
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Boys = {boy} + {PLU}

Men = ?

Walked = {walk} + {PAST}

Went = ?
Practice

HOW MANY MORPHEMES?

Actor

Winter
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Forthrightness

Mother-in-law

Undo

Aspirin

Best
Lexical or Grammatical?

Restating

Strongest

Actively
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Precede
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Disentangled
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Ran
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Women
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The

Lexical morphemes have a
meaning.

Grammatical morphemes
express a relationship between
Lexical morphemes.
Free or Bound
morphemes?

{er} in teachers

{cur} in recur, incur, occur

{at}, {to} and other prepositions

{pel} as in repel, compel, impel

Find five words with the bound
lexical m. {mit} as in ‘send, go’.
What about mitten….?

{bio-} and {tele-}:
lexical/grammatical. Bound/free.
Find five words. What is the
meaning of each morpheme.

Free morphemes can stand
alone as words. They may be
lexical or grammatical: [serve],
[press], [at], [and].

Bound morphemes cannot stand
alone as words. See [clude] as in
exclude, include, preclude. They
can be grammatical as in [PLU]
as in boys, girls, cats.
Inflectional and derivational

Bound morpheme = affix=
prefix/suffix

Ex. Depress= {de} + {press}
helpful= {help} + {ful}
men = {man} + {PLU}
8 English Inflectional morphemes
INFLECTIO
NAL AFFIX
MEANING
ROOT
EXAMPLE
{PLU}
Plural
Noun
Boys
{POSS}
Possessive
Noun
Boy’s
{COMP}
Comparative
Adjective
Older
{SUP}
Superlative
Adjective
oldest
{PRES}
Present
Verb
walks
{PAST}
Past
Verb
walked
{PAST
PART}
Past participle Verb
Driven
{PRES
PART}
Present
participle
Driving
Verb
Derivational suffixes

{ize} noun to verb as in:
criticize, rubberize, vulcanize,
pasteurize, mesmerize…

Or adjective to verb as in:
normalize, finalize, equalize…

{ful} adjective to adverb as in :
helpful, careful, careful…..

{ly} adjective to adverb as in:
quickly, carefully, swiftly,
mightily….o nouns to adjective:
manly…
Morpheme
lexical
free
bound
nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
grammatical
free
bound
prepositions
articles
conjunctions
Inflectional
Compress
Depress
Oppress
Repress
suppress
Subvert
invert
convert
at, the, and
Derivational
Derivational prefixes

{un} as in unhappy, unwary,
unassuming, unforgettable.

All inflectional affixes are native
to English.

{dis} displeasure,
disproportionate, dislike, distrust


{a} asymmetrical, asexual,
atheist, atypical
Many derivational affixes are
borrowings from other
languages. Ex: {ize}, {dis},
{de}, {re}, {a}. {anti}

{anti} anti-American, antiCastro, anti-aircraft…
Spanish morphemes….

Tío

Abrir

Muchacha

Tu abres

Abuela

Nosotros abrimos
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Nieto

la

Hermana
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Las

Hermanos
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Estan Contando
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Abuelo

Ellos han contado
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Nieta

Tías

Muchacho
Italian morphemes

maestra, maestro, amica, amico

matita, matite, pizza, pizze

cantare, suonare, ballare

io canto, io suono, io ballo

ho cantato, ho suonato, ho ballato

sto cantando, sto suonando, sto
ballando.

grandissima, bellissima, piccolissima
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Cinzietta, Annetta, Marietta

zietta, casetta, cenetta

List the morphemes and decide what
is their type and their function.
Kurdish morphemes
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Aaqil ‘wise’
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Aaqilii ‘forethought’
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Diz ‘robber’
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Dizii ‘robbery’
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Draiž ‘long’
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Draižii ‘length’
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Zaanaa ‘wise’
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Zaanaaii ‘erudition’
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Garm ‘warm’
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Garmii ‘warmth’
What is the type, the form, and the
function of the affix…..?