Transcript grammar review

GRAMMAR REVIEW
Appositives
Clauses
Verbals
Appositives
• An appositive is a noun that renames
another noun.
1st Noun
2nd Noun - APPOSITIVE
Jojo, the crazy monkey, likes to
eat the bananas Mrs. Bell gives her.
Appositives
• Lulu, the teacher’s pet, always makes good
grades.
– “pet” renames “Lulu”
• Mrs. Wallace does not like, her next-door
neighbor’s dog, Sandy.
– “Sandy” renames “dog”
• The novel, his greatest work of all time, is on
the bestseller list.
– “work” renames “novel”
Appositives
Don’t confuse Appositives with Predicate
Nominatives.
LINKING VERB = PN
– Example: Henry is a student.
• Even though “student” is the second noun
in the sentence, it is not an appositive
because “is” is a linking verb.
The Difference Between Clauses
and Verbals…
A CLAUSE has a subject and a verb.
A VERBAL does not. It is just a phrase.
Clauses
Adverb
Noun
Adjective
Clauses
• A clause contains a subject and a
verb.
–Examples: He ran, I talked, Why
they jaywalked, Before she
attacked
Noun Clauses
act as subjects, predicate nominatives,
direct objects, and objects of prepositions
Noun Clauses
• There are three kinds of subordinate
clauses, and one of them is the noun
clause.
• The noun clause can be used in a
sentence four ways – as a subject,
direct object, predicate nominative, or
object of a preposition.
Noun Clauses
• Noun Clause as Subject
– Whatever I ate made my stomach
queasy.
Noun Clauses
• Noun Clause as Direct Object
– The dog chased whoever had
stolen his bone.
Noun Clause
• Noun Clause as Predicate Nominative
– You are whoever you want to be.
** This is a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE and
not an APPOSITIVE because of the linking
verb “are.” **
Noun Clause
• Noun Clause as Object of a Preposition
– The creepy clown was hiding behind
whoever entered the room last.
Adjective Clauses
modify nouns
That
• The books that are on the table are
very heavy.
– “That are on the table” describes the books.
• The cookie that I ate had chocolate
chunks in it.
– “That I ate” describes the cookie.
Who
• The girl who likes baking brings
cookies for everyone on Valentine’s Day.
– “Who likes baking” describes the girl.
• The boy who makes me laugh says a
lot of strange things.
– “Who makes me laugh” describes the boy.
Which
• London, which is a busy city, has over
seven million residents.
– “Which is a busy city” describes London.
• My sixth period class, which is taught
by Ms. Butz, is English III.
– “Which is taught by Ms. Butz” describes the
sixth period class.
When do I use commas?
• Restrictive clauses – do NOT need
commas
– The dog that ate my homework was a
beagle.
• “That ate my homework” narrows down which
dog you are talking about.
– Americans who vote are good citizens.
• Americans is proper and plural, but in this
sentence, you are not talking about all
Americans.
When do I use commas? (cont.)
• Non-restrictive clauses – DO need
commas
– Paris, which is in France, is a beautiful city.
• Almost all adjective clauses describing a proper
noun must be surrounded by commas.
– My ultimate dream, which is to climb Mount
Everest, has not yet been fulfilled.
• This dream has already been specified as the
“ultimate dream”; therefore, “which is to climb
Mount Everest” further describes the dream.
Adverb Clauses
modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
Adverbial Clauses
• An adverbial clause is a clause
that functions as an adverb
(modifies a verb).
• Answers the questions
HOW, WHEN, WHERE, UNDER
WHAT CONDITION, TO WHAT
EXTENT, WHY, etc.
Examples of Adverbial
Clauses
• Until I stopped, Before the teacher
understood, When the presentation ended,
etc. (answer the question WHEN)
• Because he died, Since Pedro was tired, etc.
(answer the question WHY)
• Where the Red Fern Grows, Wherever life
takes you, etc. (answer the question WHERE)
Verbals
Participles
Gerunds
Infinitives
Participles
serve as adjectives
suffixes: –en –ed –ing
Participles
• Verbals ending in –ING (or –ED/–EN)
• Function as ADJECTIVES (modify a
noun).
• Examples:
– The snoozing student
–“Sleeping Beauty”
– The frozen steak
Participial PHRASES
• Participial phrase: Participle + other words
related to the participle
– The PowerPoint educating the students
– The miserable castaway eating his own
flesh
– Huck, accompanying Jim on the
journey, faces a great internal conflict.
Gerunds
serve as nouns
suffix: –ing
Gerunds
• Gerunds are a form of a verb ending in
“–ing” and functioning as a noun.
– Ex: Swimming is a sport.
• A gerund can be used in a sentence as a
predicate nominative, a subject, a direct
object, and the object of a preposition.
Gerunds
• Gerund as a Predicate Nominative
• The second round of Fear Factor is
eating cow’s eyes.
Gerunds
• Gerund as Subject
• Doing my homework takes forever!
Gerunds
• Gerund as Direct Object
• She loves throwing huge fireballs.
Gerunds
• Gerund as Object of the Preposition
• Everyone knows that Edward Cullen
sparkles after seeing the sun.
Infinitives
to + verb
Don’t Be Confused.
• DO NOT confuse infinitive phrases with
prepositional ones.
• Infinitive phrases: to + verb + object
of the infinitive (noun)
• Prepositional phrases: to + noun
(location, person, etc)
Ex. Go to the market. – prepositional phrase
Go to have fun. – infinitive phrase
Infinitives Used as Adverbs
• I studied to pass Mr. Sager’s exam.
– Why did I study? I studied so that I would
pass Mr. Sager’s exam. “To pass”
describes “study.”
• Save the cheerleader to save the world.
– Why do you need to save the cheerleader?
You need to save her to save the world.
Infinitives Used as Adjectives
• The recipe to make brownies is on the
first page.
– Which recipe is on the first page? It is the
recipe to make to make brownies.
• There are many ways to give back to
your community.
– “To give back” describes “ways.” “To your
community” is a prepositional phrase.
Infinitives Used as Appositives
• My hobby, to draw, is fun.
– “To draw” identifies which hobby is fun.
• Her dream, to sing in an opera, is
unrealistic.
– “To sing in an opera” identifies which
dream of hers is unrealistic.
Infinitives Used as Nouns
• To succeed in Calculus BC is my goal.
– What is my goal? It is to succeed in
Calculus BC. “To succeed” is the subject.
• Joy and I like to sing.
– "To sing" is the direct object. It answers the
question, “What do Joy and I like to do?”
Introductory Infinitive Phrases
• To prepare for the in-class essay, Emily
took notes on the themes in the novel
as she read.
• To study for the vocabulary quiz, Robin
made flashcards.
• To raise her participation grade, Lienna
made as many comments as she could.