Transcript Sentence study I

English (BA 503)
Week 3
Sentence Study
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Sentence Formation
Subject
Object/ Complement
Modifiers
Types of Sentences
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
Complex Sentence
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Objectives
The students are expected to be able to
1. identify word functions in a sentence;
2. state correctly what type of each sentence
in a paragraph is;
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Words
Words are classified based on eight parts of
speech
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
verb,
noun,
pronoun,
adjective,
adverb,
preposition,
conjunction, and
interjection.
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Verb
• Transitive Verb
- Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
• Intransitive Verb
- The boy ran away as fast as he could.
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Linking Verbs
A linking verb connects a subject to a subject
complement which identifies or describes the
subject.
verbs of sensation
"feel," "look," "smell," "sound," "taste”
verbs of existence
"act," "appear," "be," "become," "continue,"
"grow," "prove," "remain," "seem," "turn".
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Example
- Others thought it became tedious after the first fifteen
minutes.
In this sentence, the linking verb "became" links the subject
"it" to the subject complement "tedious."
- Some of us thought that the play was very good.
( The verb "was" links the subject complement "very good"
to subject "the play".
- The play seems ridiculous to me.
- He tried hard to appear calm.
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Linking
– Griffin insists that the water tastes terrible.
In this sentence, the adjective "terrible" is a subject
complement that describes a quality of the water.
Transitive
– I tasted the soup before adding more salt.
Here the noun phrase "the soup" identifies what "I
tasted." "The soup" is the direct object of the verb
"tasted."
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/
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Nouns
• The bear caught a salmon in the
stream.
• Portia White was an opera
singer.
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• A noun can function in a
sentence as a subject, a direct
object, an indirect object, a
subject complement, and an
object complement.
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Pronoun
Pronouns are classified into several types,
including
the personal pronoun,
the demonstrative pronoun,
the interrogative pronoun,
the indefinite pronoun,
the relative pronoun,
the reflexive pronoun, and
the intensive pronoun.
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 We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
 Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest
coffee shop in the city center.
 Ours is the green one on the corner.
 Three customers wanted these.
 Who wrote the novel Rockbound?
 The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is
not always elected.
 Make sure you give everyone a copy of the amended
bylaws.
 Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his email to himself.
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Adjectives
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun
by describing, identifying, or quantifying
words. An adjective usually precedes the
noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
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• He is a Mexican boy.
• He is a quiet man.
• I can't complete my assignment because
I don't have the textbook.
• Even though my friend preferred those
plates, I bought these.
• What book are you reading?
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Adverb
An adverb can modify a verb, an
adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or
a clause. An adverb indicates manner,
time, place, cause, or degree and
answers questions such as "how,"
"when," "where," "how much".
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• Modify a verb:
- John speaks loudly.
(How does John speak?)
- She never smokes.
(When does she smoke?)
• Modify an adjective:
- He is really handsome.
• Modify another adverb:
- She drives incredibly slowly.
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Prepositions
A preposition is a word governing, and
usually coming in front of, a noun or
pronoun and expressing a relation to
another word or element, as in:
• She left before breakfast.
• Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
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Conjunctions
• A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction
joins two parts of a sentence.
Here are some example conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions:
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
Subordinating Conjunctions:
although, because, since, unless
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• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two
parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal.
The two parts may be single words or clauses, for
example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a
subordinate dependent clause to a main clause,
for example:
- I went swimming although it was cold.
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Interjection
An interjection is a word added to a
sentence to convey emotion. It is not
grammatically related to any other part of
the sentence.




Ouch, that hurt!
Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today.
Hey! Put that down!
I don't know about you but, good lord, I
think taxes are too high!
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Phrase
A group of words forming a sentence but
without a finite verb.
 Walk slowly
 A handsome man
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Clause
group of words with a subject and predicate
but not necessarily expressing a complete
idea - i.e. the words do not necessarily
make a sentence.
 When I was fifteen
 If I were a millionaire
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Clause
There are two types of clauses:
1. Independent clause (simple sentence)
e.g. Peter was ill.
It can stand alone.
e.g. Peter laughed.
2. Subordinate/dependent clause
(subordinator+ independent clause)
It can not stand
e.g. Because Peter was ill, ....
alone.
e.g. Since Peter could not concentrate well, ....
*Note: a subordinate clause by itself is not a complete sentence. It must be
combined with an independent clause to become one.
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Independent Clause
Independen
t Clause
the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
Dependent
Clause
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The committee will meet tomorrow.
Adverb of
time
The committee will meet when the Prime
Minister is in Ottawa.
Dependent Clause
functions as an adverb
(adverb clause)
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Noun Clause
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause
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What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that :
• must contain at least one subject and
one verb
• must also express a complete thought
• must end with a full stop (.), a question
mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!)
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Sentence
Every complete sentence contains
two parts:
a subject and a predicate.
The subject is what (or whom) the
sentence is about, while the
predicate tells something about
the subject.
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Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Nelly is intelligent.
She works hard.
Laughter heals.
Was he upset?
Whose mobile phone is this?
They seem lost.
It won't rain.
Don't cry! *
Please switch off the fan.*
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Non-sentence examples
1. The lady in red. (There is no verb.)
2. Was very good (There is no subject.)
3. The thief stole (This is not a complete
thought.)
4. Although he was sad (This is not a
complete thought.)
5. Last night at about ten (There is no
subject or verb.)
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Sentence Types
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The simple sentence.
The compound sentence.
The complex sentence.
The compound-complex sentence.
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SIMPLE SENTENCES
I.
The Simple Sentence
A simple sentence consists of only
one independent clause.
REMEMBER: Compound subjects and
verbs may exist in one clause.
http://its.fvtc.edu/bunnowr/ITV/Sentences%20-%20Structure%20pamphlet.htm
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Simple sentence
Simple sentence:
1. One single clause (independent
clause) / Subject + Verb + (Object)
e.g. Peter likes swimming.
e.g. Peter is sleeping.
2. Phrase + independent clause
e.g. In spite of the problems, Peter
managed to finish his work on time.
e.g. Feeling not very well, Peter still
managed to finish his work on time.
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• Jane ran around the house.
(simple subject; simple verb)
• Jane and Gary ran and stumbled.
(compound subject; compound verb)
• Alice and Joy sang the duet.
(compound subject; simple verb)
• The woman with the blue feathered hat
drove the car to the end of the route.
(simple subject; simple verb)
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COMPOUND SENTENCES
A compound sentence consists of two or
more independent clauses.
Simple
Sentenc
e
Canada is a rich country.
Still, it has many poor people.
Simple
Sentenc
e
Canada is a rich country, but still it has many
poor people.
Compound
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Compound sentence
Compound sentence:
Independent clause + coordinator +
independent clause
e.g. Peter was sick but he did not
see a doctor.
e.g. Peter was sick and he could
not concentrate well.
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A compound sentence is most effective when
you use it to create a sense of balance or
contrast between two (or more) equallyimportant pieces of information:
Montreal has better clubs, but Toronto has better cinemas.
Independent
Clause
Independent
Clause
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The independent clauses of a compound
sentence may be connected in one of two
ways.
– Connect the two clauses with a coordinate
conjunction and a comma.
– Connect the two clauses with a semi-colon.
• After class, Alan went to the movies, but
John went home.
• The car stopped, and the light turned red.
• The horse jumped the fence; the cow
kicked the bucket.
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COMPLEX SENTENCES
A complex sentence contains one
independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
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Complex sentence
Complex sentence: Independent clause +
subordinate clause (subordinator + independent
clause)
e.g. Peter went back to school
although he was not feeling well.
e.g. Whether students attend classes
should be optional.
e.g. Peter would have passed the exam if
if he had worked harder.
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•
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They came after we left.
We hid under the bridge until they
passed.
The plan which seemed the best was
missing.
After the storm was over, we waited
until the water level went down.
(multiple dependent clauses – beginning
and end.
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COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES:
Compound-Complex sentences contain two or
more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
•
•
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We left, and the party ended after they came.
The booklet will be helpful, and the
instructions will be clear when you read them.
The paper which is on the table will give the
information, and if you follow directions, you
will find the treasure.
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The following are some common
subordinators:
Time
Person
Thing
Contrast
Condition
Purpose
Reason
Info.
after
who
which
although
if
In order
that
as
where
as soon
as
whom
that
even
though
Even if
So that
because
why
before
whose
however
unless
since
how
since
that
In spite
of
In case
until
what
despite
when
whenever
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