Transcript Sentence elements

The thesis writing- 1. Sentences
Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim
Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University
Elements of Sentences
Function
Class
Example
To name
Substantive
Nouns, pronouns,
gerunds, infinitives
To assert
Predicative
Verbs
To describe or limit
Modifier
Adjectives adverbs,
participles
To join elements
Connective
Conjunctions,
prepositions
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Subjects and predicates
•Subject - what you are talking about
•Predicate - the assertion you make about
the subject.
Subject
Predicate
Edison
invented the light bulb.
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Practice 1

Find ten sentences (about your major) as the
table below:
Subject
1.Edison
2.
3.
4.
5.
..10
Predicate
invented the light bulb.
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Modifiers

Modifiers describe nouns and verbs: they may be
attached to almost any parts of a sentence.

Any words that modifier a noun, pronoun, or gerund is an
adjective in function.

An adverb is any word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.

Very hungry people seldom display good table manners.
adj
adv
adj
adj
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Identifying subject and verb
verb

states an action.
a word or group of words (phrases)

one or more auxiliary verbs





he was hit,
he has been hit
you had taken
you will have taken.
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Identifying subject and verb
verb
 linking verbs, or copulas
 assert that something is – of looks, sounds seems,
or appears to be something.


He is a talented athlete.
She seems intelligent.
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Complements


Intransitive verbs
 After meeting all the relatives, my cousin left.
Transitive verbs+ complements of the verb.

I bought a scarf.
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Object complements:
Direct objects
•
•
usually a noun or pronoun but sometimes a phrase or clause.
My niece drew a picture
Indirect objects
•
a complement that receives whatever is named by the direct abject.
involving an act of living or telling) may take an indirect object
•
ex. The award gave the photographer encouragement.
•
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Subject complement

Predicate noun.



A noun that serves as a subject complement of a
linking verb
My mother was the major of the town.
subject complement
Predicate adjective


an adjective that describes the subject
The mayor was popular.
subject complement
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Phrases

Such groups of words, which do not make a complete
statement but which function like a single word, are phrases.
 The train leaves in ten minutes.
 an adverb = soon

They may be named for the kind of word around which they
are constructed-prepositional, participial, gerund, or infinitive
phrases.

They may also be named by the way they function in a
sentence-as adjective, adverb, or noun phrases.
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Prepositional phrases

A prepositional phrase consists of


a preposition joined to a noun or a pronoun, which is
called the object of the preposition.
Such phrases usually modify nouns or verbs, and
they are described accordingly as adjective or
adverb phrases.
Adjective

Adverb
The flowers in the yard bloomed in the sun.
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Verbals and verb phrases
1.
A verbal is a form of verb that functions as some other part of speech.


2.
A verbal that modifies a noun is called a participle.
It may be in the past or the present tense:
 a used [past] car with splitting [present] upholstery.
A verb form that functions as a noun is called a gerund:



3.
Writing is his passion
He loves singing.
Gerunds may also be used as the objects of verbs or of preposition:
A verb form that functions as a noun is called an infinitive.



To err is human.
a verbal consisting of the present form of the verb preceded by to.
used as nouns, as subjects or object of the verb
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Verbals and verb phrases


Participles, gerunds, and infinitives may take objects, and
they may be modified by adverbs or by prepositional phrases.
A verbal with its modifier and its object, or subject, makes up
a verbal phrase and functions as a single part of speech, but
it does not make a full statement.
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Verbals and verb phrases

Participial phrase


Gerund phrase


Moved by her speech, I decided to join the organization.
Selecting an appropriate site took a lot of time.
Infinitive phrase

The task required us to walk for hours.
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Absolute phrases



a group of words that has a subject but no verb and
is not grammatically connected to the rest of the
sentence.
The subject of an a absolute phrase is often
followed by a participle:
 The site having been selected, we met to choose a
sculptor.
The subject of an absolute phrase may also be
followed by an adjective or a prepositional phrase:
 She recounted the incident, her voice angry, herface pale.
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Appositive phrases

a noun, or noun substitute, added to explain
another noun:

My mother, the mayor, was getting attention
all of her life.
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Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains a
subject and a predicate.

Every sentence must contain at least one
clause.
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Independent clause

Independent clause can stand alone as complete sentences.


She heard the news.
Dependent (or subordinate) clauses,


a subordinate part of the sentence
perform a function like that of adjectives, adverbs. or nouns



When she heard the news
has a subject and verb-but the addition of the word
Dependent clauses are usually preceded by relative pronouns (who,
which, that) or by subordinating conjunctions (such as although, because,
if since, when, and while).

When makes the clause dependent. It needs an
independent clause added to it to make a complete sentence:

When she heard the news, she was delighted.
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Noun clauses

functions as a noun, may be a subject or a
compliment in a main clause, or the object of a
preposition or of a gerund.




That Lauren was considered for the position is
remarkable. [subject]
She said that she would accept only under certain
conditions. [direct object]
We will give the job to whoever is best qualified.
[object of the preposition]
We do the best for others by asking what we can do
for others. [object of a gerund]
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Adverb clauses

a dependent clause used to modify a verb,
adjective, or adverb in the main clause.



We are whenever we felt like it.
 [modifies the verb]
The trip was as pleasant as we had hoped.
 [modifies the adjective]
The train arrived sooner than we had expected.
 [modifies the adverb]
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Adjective clauses

a dependent clause that modifies a noun or
pronoun.


The salesman we went yesterday showed us his
samples.
usually introduced by relative pronouns.

Dorothy Sayers wrote many books that were widely
read
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Simple sentences

consists of one independent clause with or
without modifiers but with no dependent
clause attached to it.


Nervously biting his fingernails, Harvey despaired.
Simple sentences can be quite elaborate.

Harvey and his girlfriend, Zelda, puzzled once more
by the red marks on their papers, despaired of ever
learning the fine points of grammar.
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Compound sentences

consists of two or more independent
clauses joined by a coordinating
conjunction (and, but. for, nor, or, so,
and yet) or a semicolon.


Harvey despaired if ever learning the fine
points of grammar, but Zelda had hope.
offers you the advantage of balance and
antithesis.
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Complex sentences

contains one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.


Although Harvey despaired of ever learning the fine
points of grammar, Zelda had hope.
You can arrange complex sentences to produce
various sentence patterns and to indicate subtle
relationship between ideas.
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Compound-complex sentences

contain more than one independent clause
and at least one dependent clause.

Because he had never really studied grammar
before, Harvey thought that he would never learn
its fine points, but Zelda believed that they would
be able to master the subject.
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Kinds of Sentences
Declarative
My
sentence
cat likes to sit in the window.
Interrogative
Does
your cat like to sit in the window?
Imperative
Don’t
sentence
sentence
let the cat sit in the window. (Command)
Please let the cat sit in the window. (Request)
Exclamatory
The
sentence
cat can’t sit in the window, she’ll fall.
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