Transcript Document


Are you good at Chinese calligraphy? How
did you get interested in it?

Which style of calligraphy do you prefer
and why?

What do you think of Chinese calligraphy?

a. Chinese brush

b. ink

c. official script

d. regular script

e. grass writing

f. cursive handwriting
1. colored liquid for writing,
drawing and printing
2. writing brush
3. (in Chinese calligraphy)
running hand
4. an ancient style of calligraphy
current in the Han Dynasty
5. standard script of handwriting
6. (in Chinese calligraphy)
characters executed swiftly
and with strokes flowing
together
“Four Treasures of the Study”




brush
inkstick
paper
inkstone
Styles of Chinese calligraphy

regular/standard script 楷书

clerical script 隶书
semi-cursive
script 行书
Emperor Huizong (November 2,
1082 – June 4, 1135) was the eighth
and one of the most famous
emperors of the Song Dynasty of
China, with a personal life spent
amidst luxury, sophistication and
art but ending in tragedy.
 He was the 11th son of Emperor
Shenzong. In February 1100 his
older half-brother Emperor Zhezong
(哲宗) died without a surviving son,
and Huizong succeeded him the
next day as emperor. He reigned
from 1100 to 1126.

Zhaoji
Cuju

(Chinese: 蹴鞠; pinyin: cùjú; literally "kick ball",
pronounced [tsʰûtɕy̌]) is an ancient code of
football with similarities to association football.
It originated in China and was also played in
Korea, Japan and Vietnam. The game of cuju
was first mentioned in the Zhan Guo Ce (under
State of Qi's section) and later in the Sima Qian's
Shiji (under Su Qin's biography), written during
the Han Dynasty.
Directions:
 Read the Text A by yourself, with the help of
the vocabulary list;
 Try to complete the blanks in the text
summary;
 Compare your answers with your partner.

The ______ of emperors reflect the
different ______ that ruled the nation, and
even their ______ abilities.
Huizong is a very famous ______. His writing
style, comprising ______ and
______strokes, is called“______”. ______ as
well as ______ enjoyed their ______ social
position during his reign. Another master
calligrapher is ______. He was ______ from
Huizong. His handing writing was ______,
______, but formulated in accordance with
______.

The calligraphy of emperors reflect the
different characters that ruled the nation,
and even their leadership abilities.
Huizong is a very famous calligrapher. His
writing style, comprising thin and straight
strokes, is called “ slender gold”.
Calligraphers as well as painters enjoyed
their highest social position during his
reign. Another master calligrapher is
Qianlong. He was different from Huizong.
His handing writing was stretched out,
bold, but formulated in accordance with
regulations.
accomplished adj. being good at sth.
熟练的,擅长的,有才能的,有专长的
e.g. an accomplished artist / actor / chef
技艺高超的艺术家/演员/厨师
She was an elegant and accomplished woman.
她是位优雅的才女。
accomplish v. finish
e.g. The task has been accomplished.

Many emperors loved calligraphy so much that
they became highly accomplished in the field.
（Para.①）
“so + adj. / adv. + that”此句型表示
“如此……以至于……”。

译文：有很多帝王非常喜欢书法，以至于他们在书
法领域取得了非凡的成就。
reflect v.
反映;显示;
反射
e.g. Their actions reflect their thoughts.
他们的行动反映了他们的思想。
The trees are clearly reflected in the lake.
树木清晰地映在湖中
rule
v. 支配，统治
e.g. 1.Eighty million years ago, dinosaurs ruled
the earth. (vt.)
2. She once ruled over a vast empire. (vi.)
n.规则，规定；支配，统治
e.g. the rules of basketball
We are under the rule of President Xi
Jingping.
pursuit n. 追求
e.g. the pursuit of happiness/knowledge/dreams
pursue v.
e.g. to pursue your dreams

On the other hand, his endless pursuit of beauty
in form made him overlook the overall setting,
indicating that he lacked resolution, persistence
and creativity. （Para. ②）


句中分词indicating后跟that 引导宾语从句，整个
indicating短语做状语来修饰全句。
译文：另一方面，他对形式美的不懈追求使得他忽
略了整体的格局，这显示了他在果断性、持久性和
创造性方面的缺陷。
overlook
1.俯瞰，眺望
e.g. a restaurant overlooking the
lake
2. 忽视，忽略
e.g.
我们不应该忽视困难。
We should not overlook difficulties.
3. 宽容，放过（过失，缺点）
e.g. I can overlook her bad points.
resolution n.
决议
e.g. to pass/adopt a resolution
决心
e.g. 1. They made a resolution to lose all the
weight gained during the Christmas holidays.
2. Have you made any new term’s resolutions ?
persistence n. 坚持不懈，执着；持续
e.g. 1. Great persistence is necessary for success.
2. He was annoyed by a fly’s persistence in
landing on his nose.
一只苍蝇要飞落在他鼻子上，这使他大为恼火。
persistent adj. 坚持不懈的；持续的
e.g. 1. She can be very persistent when she wants
something.
2. persistent rain/pain
devote to 致力于，奉献
 devote
your time/energy/attention etc to sth
e.g. He wanted to devote his energies to writing
films.
 devote
oneself to sth
e.g. She devoted herself to her career.
comment
n. 评论; 解释
e.g. She made helpful comments on my
work.
她对我的工作提出了有益的意见。
v. 表达意见 (on/upon sth)
e.g. I don’t feel I can comment on their
decision.
我举得我无法对他们的决定作出评论。
stretch
伸展，舒展；伸出
e.g. He stretched and yawned lazily.
他伸了伸懒腰，打了个哈欠。
Don’t stretch your head out. 别把头伸到窗外。
bold 大胆的，敢于冒险的；粗体的，黑体的
e.g.
The wine made him bold enough to approach
her.
他趁着酒劲，鼓足勇气上前和她说话。
Highlight the important words in bold type.
用黑体突出重要词语。
in accordance with 根据，按照
e.g.
He did not act in accordance with the orders．
他没有遵照命令办事。
This is done in accordance with the instructions
of the principal.
这是依照校长指示做的。
invasion n. 入侵，侵略
e.g. the Roman invasion of Britain
invade v.
e.g. The Roman invaded Britain in 55 B.C.
ban v. 禁止，取缔
e.g.
Canada will ban smoking in all offices later this year.
加拿大将于今年晚些时候禁止在所有办公场所吸烟。
He was banned from driving for three years.
他被禁止驾驶3年。
n. 禁止，取缔
e.g. a three-year driving ban
refer to 涉及，谈到，提到；关系到
e.g. Her mother never referred to him again.
她的母亲再也没有提起过他。
You know who I’m referring to.
你知道我指的是谁。
enhance v. 提高；加强；增加
e.g.
The White House is eager to protect and enhance
that reputation. 白宫急于保护并提高那声望。
to enhance taste, flavor and color.
evident adj. 清楚的；显然的显而易见
的
e.g. It was evident that she had once been a
beauty. 很显然，她曾经是个美人。
It was clearly evident that she was unhappy.
Her love for him was evident in all that she did.
evidence n. 证据，证明
e.g. I was asked to give evidence at the trial.
我被要求出庭作证。
There is no evidence that he is guilty.
没有证据证明他有罪

Qianlong's handwriting was stretched out, bold,
but formulated in accordance with regulations.
（Para. ④）

句中”stretched out, bold, formulated in
accordance with regulations”是表语。

译文：乾隆的书法是舒展的，轮廓清晰的，并且是
中规中矩的。

e.g. The question is whether he will come here
in time tomorrow.

After ascending the throne, Qianlong defended
his empire from invasions and encouraged land
reclamations. （Para. ④）

句中”After ascending the throne”是介词after与
动名词短语构成的介词短语，作时间状语。

当主从句的主语一致时，从句中的主语可以省略，
谓语动词以分词形式开头。

译文：登基之后，乾隆保卫自己的国土不受侵犯并
且鼓励开荒。

His pride at what he viewed as enhanced
national strength was evident in his calligraphic
works. （Para. ④）

at what是介词加关系代词的结构； what所引导的
是宾语从句。

译文：他对于他提升国力的自豪在他的书法作品中
显露无疑。

speak of
谈到, 请到

spring to mind
马上想到, 跃入脑海

end with
以……结束

in form
在形式上

be addicted to
沉溺于某物/事

devote...to...
专心致力于某物/事

in accordance with 与某物/事一致, 按照某物/事

be related to
与某物/事有关

go against
与某物/事相悖

defend...from...
保护某人免受某事危险

put... in jail
把某人关入监狱

refer to
提到, 涉及

set up
建立，创立

1. What does the old Chinese saying
“Calligraphy is a mirror to a person’s
character.”mean?
A. Calligraphy was very important in ancient
China.
B. Calligraphy was important to every
person.
C. Calligraphy could reflect the character of
the emperor.

2. Who created the writing style“slender
gold”?
A. Emperor Huizong.
B. Emperor Qianlong.
C. A calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty.

3. What is NOT true about Huizong’s
Calligraphy?
A. Slanting strokes are sharp.
B. Stretched out.
C. Horizontal strokes ended with hooks.

4. Which is the feature of Qianlong’s
calligraphy in the following list?
A. Creative. B. Persistent. C. Devoted to art.
 5.
Which was NOT done during Qianglong’s
reign?
A. Set up publishing house to compile history
books.
B. Defended his empire from invasions and
encouraged land open-up.
C. Organized many calligraphy competitions.

___ calligraphy


___ slender gold


___ reign

___ ascend the
throne




___ invasion
___ persistence


a. become king or queen
b. the action of an army
entering a country by force
c. continue to do with
determination
d. handwriting produced with
brush or special pen
e. the period during which a
king or queen rules
f. the calligraphy created in
Song Dynasty
accomplishment
reflect pursuit
lack inscribe
view

1. Does this letter reflect
______ how you really think?
view every customer as a partner.
2. We ______
accomplished
 3. This man is an ______________
professer.

lacked
4. He ________
the courage to join the army.
pursuit of health.
 5. He exercises everyday in ________


6. Will you _________
inscribe your name in the book?

1. Their eyes mirror their thoughts.
他们的眼睛反映他们的思想。
 2.
Her hands were shaking so badly that she
couldn’t hold her glass.
（手）抖得厉害以至于她都拿不稳杯子了。

3. Jack’s great strength as a policeman in
America was his ability to seek help when he
wasn’t able to solve a crime.
当他不能破案时他寻求帮助的能力。

4. Tom Watson, Sr., who founded IBM and was
its guiding force for over 40 years, knew the
importance of learning from mistakes.
老汤姆•沃森是IBM的创立者，40多年来也一直
是它的指导性力量
 5. The factory’s output this year is three times
as much as that of last year.
是去年的产量的三倍

6. People, old and young, took to the streets
to watch the famous movie star.
无论是老人还是青年人
Statement
Zhaoji created the “Slender gold”.
Calligraphers and painters enjoyed their highest social
position in the Song Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty produced more masters than any
other.
Nowadays not every authentic ancient work carries a
Qianlong seal.
Qianlong’s characters were fluid in their strokes, and
balanced in construction.
Qianlong showed his pride in enhancing the country’s
strength in his calligraphy works.
Your
answer

How much do you know about Chinese
calligraphy?

Tell some stories you know about some famous
calligraphers.

Can you say something about the features of
western calligraphy?

What’s the influence of Chinese calligraphy?
Transitive Verbs, Intransitive Verbs,
Phrasal Verbs & Auxiliary Verbs

Transitive Verbs
 In syntax, a transitive verb is a verb that requires
both a direct subject and one or more objects. The
term is used to contrast intransitive verbs, which do
not have objects
e.g.


You lifted the bag.
"bag" is the direct object of "lifted"
I punished you.
"you" is the direct object of "punished"
 I gave you the book.
"book" is the direct object, and "you" is the nonprepositional indirect object of "give"

John traded his apple and Jane's orange with her.
"his apple and Jane's orange" is the object of "traded",
but "with her" is not

I ate the pie.
"pie" is an object of "ate"

I tried on the shoes.
"shoes" is an object of "tried"
Intransitive Verbs
 In grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb that has no
object. This distinguishes it from a transitive verb,
which takes one or more objects.
e.g.

When I entered the room he looked up.
Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a
preposition, a verb and an adverb, or a verb with
both an adverb and a preposition, any of which are
part of the syntax of the sentence, and so are a
complete semantic unit. Sentences may contain
direct and indirect objects in addition to the phrasal
verb.[1] Phrasal verbs are particularly frequent in the
English language. A phrasal verb often has a meaning
which is different from the original verb.
Auxiliary Verbs

In linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping
verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal
auxiliary, abbreviated aux) is a verb functioning
to give further semantic or syntactic information
about the main or full verb following it. In
English, the extra meaning provided by an
auxiliary verb alters the basic meaning of the
main verb to make it have one or more of the
following functions: passive voice, progressive
aspect, perfect aspect, modality, or emphasis.
 Choose
the best answer for each sentence.

1. —See what you have done! How come a pound
of tomato at the cost of $20?
—But I ______ the change.
A. counted B. had counted C. did count D. count

2. One day in July 1977, New York was blacked
out by an electricity failure, when hundreds of
stores were ______.
A. broken into B. broken in C. broken through D.
broken up

3.
The makers have ____ some cars with
dangerous faults, so their reputation will not be
damaged.

A. called off
B. called up
C. called for
D. called in
4.
I ____ Jack at party by the other day; it was
the first time I had seen him in months.
A. came across
B. faced with
C. fed on
D. fell upon


5. The French pianist who had been praised very
highly ______ to be a great disappointment.
A. turned up
B. turned in
C. turned out
D. turned down
6. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is
very comfortable to ______.
A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on


7. Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It
will ______ fresh for several days.
A. be stayed
B. stay
C. be staying
D. have stayed
8. He will ______ Paris tonight.
A. arrive
B. reach
C. get
D. be arrived

9. In the past 30 years China ______ great
advances in the socialist revolution and socialist
construction.
A. has made
B. have made
C. had made
D. having made

10. If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football
match.
A. have B. will have
C. has
D. shall has
Chinese calligraphy

Ancient China

The oldest extant Chinese characters from ancient
China are Jiǎgǔwén characters carved on ox scapulas
and tortoise plastrons. Brush-written examples decay
over time and have not survived. During the
divination ceremony, after the cracks were made,
characters were written with a brush on the shell or
bone to be later carved.(Keightley, 1978). With the
development of Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) and
Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) "cursive" signs continued.
Moreover, each archaic kingdom of current China had
its own set of characters.
Cursive styles and hand-written styles

Cursive styles such as Xíngshū (semi-cursive or running
script) and Cǎoshū (cursive or grass script) are less
constrained and faster, where more movements made by
the writing implement are visible. These styles' stroke
orders vary more, sometimes creating radically different
forms. They are descended from Clerical script, in the
same time as Regular script (Han Dynasty), but Xíngshū
and Cǎoshū were use for personal notes only, and were
never used as standard. Caoshu style was highly
appreciated during Emperor Wu of Han reign (140-87).
Printed and computer styles

Examples of modern printed styles are Song from
the Song Dynasty's printing press, and sans-serif.
These are not considered traditional styles, and
are normally not written.

derive vi.

alphabetical adj.

pictorial adj.

represent vt.

logograph n.

simplify (simplified, simplified) vt.

flexible adj.

composition n.

variation n.

engrave vt.

tortoise n.

ideograph n.

uniform adj.

vary vi.

mythical adj.

prediction n.

ritual n.

oracle n.

vessel n.

unify (unified, unified ) vt.
 prime
minister
 chiefly adv.
 record-keeping n.
derive from 从…衍生出，起源于
e.g. 1. We can derive English “fiancee”
from French.
我们可以把英语中的“fiancee”一词的起源
追溯到法语。
2. This word is derived from Latin.
be composed of 由…组成
= consist of
e.g. Water is composed of hydrogen
and oxygen.=Water consist of
hydrogen and oxygen.
represent v. 代表; 描绘, 象征
e.g. 1. You are going to represent our
college to attend the meeting.
2. This picture represents a girl playing
the piano.
这幅画描绘一个在弹钢琴的少女。
3. X represents the unknown.
X表示未知数。
flexible adj.
e.g. a flexible pipe
a more flexible method/approach/way
flexible working hours
engrave v.
e.g. My name is engraved on the ring.
The ring is engraved with my name.
Please engrave my name on the ring!
vary v.
e.g. The weather varies hourly.
He tried to vary his diet/meals.
variety n. 不同种类，多种样式
a variety of food
variation n. （数量，水平等的）变化
e.g. seasonal variation
various adj. various kinds of food



Rather, they were simplified images, indicating
meaning through suggestion or imagination. (Para.①)
句中rather 译为 “更确切地讲，更准确地说”。
译文：更确切地说，他们简化了意向，通过暗示和想象
表明含义。

or rather 也表“毋宁说；更确切地说”

e.g. American, or rather Afro- american is good at
Jazz music.
美国人，或者更确切地说非洲裔美国人擅长爵士音乐。

Although the figures are not entirely uniform,
they do not vary greatly in size. (②)
由关系词although所引导的让步状语从句，
意思是“尽管，虽然”。


译文：尽管这些图形并不完全一致，他们在大小上
差别不是太大。
e.g. Although I’m young, I already know what
career I want to follow.
虽然我还很年轻，但是我已经知道了我要奋斗终
生的事业。


though置于句首或者句中也可引导让步状语从句。
e.g. Though I’m young, I already know what
career I want to follow.
= Young though I am, I already know what career
I want to follow.


as位于句中作用相同。= though = that, 它的
词序是把句中强调的形容词,副词,动词或名词放
在连词前。
e.g. Child as he is , he knows a lot of Chinese
characters.

Shihuangdi, the first emperor of Qin, gave
the task of working out a new unified script
to his prime minister, Li Si, and permitted
only the new style to be used. (Para.④)

Shihuangdi 和the first emperor of Qin 是同位
语。
 译文：秦国的第一个皇帝，秦始皇交给他的丞
相李斯一个任务，即是让他找出一种新的统一
字体，并且规定通用的字体只有这一种。

Unfortunately, the small-seal style could not
be written speedily and therefore was not
entirely suitable, giving rise to the fourth
stage, lishu, or official style. (Para. ⑤)
 （1）句中giving
rise to the fourth stage 分词
短语做状语。
 （2）句中fourth
stage，lishu，official style
是同位语。
 译文：不幸的是，小篆体书写速度太慢所以不
是非常适合，因此导致了隶书的产生，中国书
法发展到了第四阶段。。

derive from 由
 be
composed of 由……组成
 capable
 by
某处/某地起源
of
means of
 relate
to
有……能力（或技能）的
凭借……手段/方式
涉及，与某物/事/人有关
 associate
 work
 give
with
out
rise to
与某物/事/人交往, 联系
想出，制定出
引起, 导致

1. Where are the earliest known Chinese
logographs found?
A. Bones. B. Bronze. C. Vessels.

2. How many developing states of Chinese
Calligraphy have been mentioned in the text?
A. Four. B. Five. C. Six.

3. What represents the third stage of
development in Chinese calligraphy?
A. Writing on bronze vessels associated with
ancestor worship.
B. Zhenshu (kaishu), or regular script.
C. Only the new style was permitted to be used
in Qin.

4. Which statement is not true?
A. Uniform script was established to meet the
growing demands of record-keeping.
B. Lishu replaced the small-seal style since it
could not be written fast.
C. Dazhuan first appeared in Qin Dynasty.

5. In paragraph two, “uniform” refers to
_______.
A. similar
B. steady
C. costume





varying
This is a ________(vary)
society.
2. The application forms have now
simplified
been_______________
(simplify).
3. The word “love” is often represented
__________
(represent) by a heart.
unified (unify) basic
4. We need to agree on a _______
price.
5. Computers offer a much greater degree of
flexibility (flexible) in the way work is
_________
organized.

Speaking of the reason for me loving calligraphy so
much, my grandfather sprang to my mind(涌入了我
的脑海). My grandfather related to calligraphy all
his life. He was addicted to （沉溺于）practicing
“slender gold”. In form, the characteristic of this
writing style contains slim and straight strokes.

During the Cultural Revolution, my grandfather
tried his best to defend the calligraphic works
from being destroyed which led to him almost to
be put in jail （关进了监狱）. To be frank, my
grandfather devoted his entire life and energy to
（把他毕生的精力都献给了）calligraphy.
No. 99, Renmin Road
Binhai
May 17th, 2011
To Whom It May Concern,
It is my pleasure to recommend Miss. Li Xiaomei
for the position of sales assistant manager in your
company.
Li Xiaomei will graduate from college this summer
and she is interested in the position advertised in the
newspaper and willing to work for your company. Li
xiaomei worked very hard and got good scores when she
was at college, and she got on well with classmates as
well.
Taking her prospect into consideration, I highly
recommend her to you.
Yours sincerely,
Zhang Zhi
Administration school
Dongfang University
The word calligraphy literally means beautiful
writing. Before the invention of the printing
press some 500 years ago, it was the way
books were made. The handwriting was done
with quill and ink onto materials like vellum
or parchment. Calligraphy is the art of
making beautiful or elegant handwriting. It is
a fine art of skilled penmanship. Today, there
are three main types or styles of calligraphy:
Western or Roman, Arabic and Chinese.
Dialogue between heaven, Earth and All Beings
is a digital art exhibition of Dong Yang Zi’s
calligraphy. When most people look at Ms.
Dong’s work for the first time, they may say,
Wow, it is so enormous. But when you realize
the innate meanings of her writings, it’s
going to be 10 or even 100 times more
touching. The written words all came from
ancient poems and Ms. Dong used them to
illustrate her reflections on the modern
society. So we selected five works of her
calligraphy and intended to look into their
shapes and meanings.
M: Good morning. Can I see Mr. Jackson, please?
W: Well. Have you got his permission?
M: Yes. We have an appointment at eight o’clock.
W: What’s your name, please?
M: Robert. Philips Robert.
Well. I’d like to say something about myself. I
studied Japanese at university. Then I got a
job with an advertising agency as a secretary.
In 2000, I went to abroad with a friend. Then
I worked for a company which sold books and
paintings. I was still single at 28. Then my
parents started to worry. I was very
interested in Jazz and I met my boyfriend at
a Jazz club. My parents didn’t want their
daughter to marry a foreigner. Without their
permission, I gave up. But I still thought of
it.
Nina: I’ve heard that most emperors were
good at calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty
Emperor Li Shimin was an avid collector of
Wang Xizhi’s writings.
Steven: That’s right. Qing Dynasty Emperor
Qian Long played a key role in compiling an
authoritative collection of calligraphy. To
some extent, preferences of the Emperors
had an influence on the rise and fall of
certain calligraphy genres.
Nina: Ordinary Chinese people also seemed to
like calligraphy a lot.
This system was created by the first emperor
of China, Qin Shihuang, when he ordered his
administers to create a standard ideographic
writing system for all Chinese. With this
common writing system people from
different parts of China could communicate
in writing even though they spoke different
dialects. In fact, the Chinese term for
“civilization”, wen ming, is represented by
the characters for literature and write, and
so the term really means enlightenment from
literacy. Thus writing was doubling important
to the mandarins. It was the stuff of both
civilization and spirituality.
In Kunming, the calligraphy show at the “598
Art Space” drew spectators from far and
wide. Among them were professional artists
as well as amateur devotees of the ancient
art. Most works featured at the show were
creations of local calligraphers of national
renown.
Zhou Jun, organizer, said, "The mission of our
show is to introduce the so-called high-brow
art to ordinary people.”
For more than two thousand years, Chinese
people used brushes to write, giving rise to
the tradition of calligraphy. Handwriting still
is considered a reflection of one's character
and inner self.
Appreciating Chinese calligraphy without being
able to read Chinese may sound difficult.
What is one to look for? Everyone can
appreciate the abstract quality of the line in
Chinese calligraphy. The energy present at
the moment of writing is visible in the
finished piece; changes of speed, and force
and handling of the brush create a rhythm
which observers can follow, almost like
moves of a dance.
Red seals contrast with the black ink and
enliven in the composition. They are not the
seals of the artist but the owners as the
collector as well. The more esteemed the
piece, the grater number seals can be found.
Brush, paper, ink and ink stone were called
the four treasures of the scholar studio. To
be able to compose poetry and write
calligraphy was an ideal most learned
Chinese strove to achieve. Zhang Wei has
been practicing the art of writing for most of
his life. He is one of the contemporary
masters of calligraphy. Here Mr. Wei is
writing the character for tiger, in four of the
major styles of calligraphy.