Transcript Lecture 3 - ufal wiki

Leonid Iomdin
Institute for Information Transmission Problems,
Russian Academy of Sciences
[email protected], [email protected]
Program Overview: p. 1
 1. Basic Principles of The Meaning-Text theory by Igor
Mel’čuk. Language as a Universal Translator of Senses
to Texts and Texts to Senses. Text analysis and text
generation. The theory of integral linguistic
description by Juri Apresjan. The grammar and the
dictionary of language.
 2. Two syntactic levels of sentence representation:
surface syntax and deep syntax.
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Program Overview: p. 2
 3. The dependency tree structure as a syntactic
representation of the sentence. Dependency tree vs.
Constituent tree: advantages and drawbacks of both
types of representation. Limits of the dependency tree.
The hypothesis of two syntactic starts.
 4. The notions of syntactic relation. Major classes of
syntactic relations: actant, attributive, coordinative
and auxiliary relation classes.
 5. The notion of syntactic feature. Syntactic features vs.
Semantic features.
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Program Overview: p. 3
 6. Actants and valencies. Active, passive and distant
valencies. The government pattern of a dictionary
entry. An overview of actant syntactic relations. The
predicative relation. The agentive relation. Completive
relations.
 7. An overview of attributive syntactic relations.
Grammatical Agreement. Numerals and Quantitative
Constructions. The system of Quantification Syntax of
Russian.
 8. Grammatical coordination as a type of grammatical
subordination. An overview of coordinative syntactic
relations.
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Program Overview: p. 4
 9. Auxiliary syntactic relations. Analytical grammatical
forms as an object of syntax.
 10 Microsyntax of Language. Minor Type Sentences.
Syntactic Idioms.
 11. Lexical Functions in the Dictionary and the
Grammar.
 12. Syntactic description and syntactic rules.
Dependency Syntax in NLP. Dependency Syntax in
Machine Translation. Syntactically Tagged Corpus of
Texts.
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Linguistic Disciplines
Syntax is the conversion of the
morphological representation
into a syntactic representation
and vice versa
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Surface Syntactic Representation (SSyntR)
of a Sentence in ETAP-3
Mel'čuk, I. A , & Pertsov, N. V. (1987).
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Surface Syntax
 is the main linguistic discipline to which
this course is devoted: conversion between
deep morphological representation and
surface syntactic representation
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Two types of Syntactic Representations
Constituent Tree Phrase Structure
S
NP
A
Small
VP
N
children
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V
N
like
ice-cream
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Two types of Syntactic Representations
Dependency Tree Structure
LIKE
predicative
modificative
CHILDREN
1st completive
ICE-CREAM
SMALL
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Surface-Syntactic Relation (SSRel)
An SSRel is a binary relation connecting two lexical
nodes of a sentence. It is
 antireflexive: *X
 antisymmetric: if X
 antitransitive: if X
then *X
r
r
X;
r
r
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Y, then *Y
Y and Y
Z
r
r
X;
Z
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Surface-Syntactic Relation (SSRel)
Linguistically. SSRel represents a syntactic role, or
function:
 ‘be the grammatical subject of’
 ‘be a modifier of’
 ‘be a circumstantial modifier of’.
So the notion of an SSRel is related to ‘element of
the sentence’ – the keystone of traditional syntax.
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Surface-Syntactic Relation (SSRel)
 The traditional notion focuses on
the dependent term of a syntactic relation
while we focus on
the relation itself.
 SSRel must be distinguished from semantic and
morphological relations.
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Surface-Syntactic Relation (SSRel)
One SSRel may correspond to several semantic
relations. Predicative SSRel:
‘agent – action’ John [Y] wrote [X] a letter
‘patient – action’ John [Y] underwent [X] an operation
‘subject – state’ John [Y] enjoyed [X] the film
‘time – event’ Last year [Y] saw [X] a slowdown in
credit card use; the last day [Y] saw [X] a change in
the weather
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Surface-Syntactic Relation (SSRel)
One SSRel may correspond to several
morphological relations. Predicative SSRel (in
Russian):
 the noun phrase in the nominative; the verb agrees
with it in person and number (present tense)
Rabotasg nachinaetsja 3-p,sg ‘the work begins’
 the noun phrase in the nominative; the verb agrees
with it in gender and number (past tense)
Rabotafem,sg nachalas’ fem,sg ‘the work began’
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Surface-Syntactic Relation (SSRel)
 the noun phrase in the genitive, the verb is in the
third person singular (present tense)
Rabotygen xvataet3-p,sg ‘there is enough work’
 the noun phrase in the genitive, the verb is in the
neutral gender singular (past tense)
Rabotygen xvataloneut,sg ‘there was enough work’
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Classes of Syntactic Relations
 1) actant relations;
 2) attributive relations;
 3) coordinative relations;
 4) auxiliary relations
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Actant Relations
 1) predicative relation;
 2) agentive relation;
 3) completive relations (1st completive to 5th
completive);
 4) copulative relation;
 5) prepositional relation
etc.
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Actants and Valencies
Several notions are needed:
 Predicate
 Situation
 Situation Participant, or Actant
 Valency (=valence)
 Frame representation
 Government Pattern
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Actants and Valencies
Two different sources of this approach:
 Linguistics (Lucien Tesnière, Charles
Fillmore, Jury Apresjan)
 Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
(Marvin Minsky, Terry Winograd)
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Actants and Valencies
L. Tesnière. Éléments de syntaxe structurale,
Klincksieck, Paris 1959
Ch. Fillmore. Frame semantics and the nature of
language, 1976
Ju.Apresjan. Lexical Semantics. Moscow 1974
M.Minsky. A Framework for Representing
Knowledge, 1975
T. Winograd. Understanding Natural Language, 1972
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Actants and Valencies
SLEEP
SEE
GIVE
SELL
LEASE
CURE
rus. KOMANDIROVAT’ ‘send on an official trip’
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Actants and Valencies
There are three types of valencies:
 active
 passive
 distant
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Actants and Valencies
Active valencies
 transmission of [D2] personal data by
[D1] Europol to [D3] third States
 transmission by [D1] insects of [D2]
spores from [D3] diseased trees to [D4]
wounds on healthy trees
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Actants and Valencies
Passive valencies
 red ball
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Actants and Valencies
Distant valencies
 the ball is red
 I wanted John to do the job
 Nastassja Kinski was the favorite
actress of my sister.
 Nastassja Kinski was her favorite
actress.
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Actants’ Interplay
REASON (noun): 2 valencies:
cause [1] and consequence [2]
Population growth
is the reason of
climate change
We cannot refund tickets for the reason
of adverse weather conditions
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Actants’ Interplay
REASON (noun): 2 valencies:
cause [1] and consequence [2]
Staff arriving late because of inclement
weather will, if the reason of bad
weather
is accepted, be paid at the
rate they would have received for that
day if normal conditions prevailed.
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Government Pattern: ETAP-3
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Government Pattern: ETAP-3
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Government Pattern: FrameNet
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Government Pattern: FrameNet
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Government Pattern: Problems
 1) Not all valencies are covered.
Reason – only the consequence and not
the cause.
Ask – subject valency is not covered.
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Government Pattern: Problems
 2) Certain word properties are not explicitly
stated
I asked John to write a report: Object Infinitive
I asked to write a report: ?
I was asked to write a report: ?
I asked to be transferred to the new building ?
I asked to stay longer
I asked to continue to work in the old building
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Predicative Relation
The government member of the
predicative SSyntRel being invariably a
finite verb, its dependent member can
be one of the four items:
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Predicative Relation
1 A noun or its equivalent:
 John [Y] kissed [X] Mary
 It [Y] seems [X] easier
 It [Y] seems [X] easier to agree than to oppose
 The easiest [Y] of all solutions would [X] be to agree
 Enough [Y] has [X] been said
 Between [Y] ten and fifteen students attended [X] the
lecture
 Whoever [Y1] is [X1,Y2] undertaking the job has [X2] to
understand what [Y3] lies [X3] ahead
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Predicative Relation
2 A verb in the form of an infinitive or a gerund:
 To [Y] ask John to do it would [X] be silly
 Which way to [Y] choose is [X] a matter of personal
and individual preferences
 Maintaining [Y] this website will [X] be greatly
appreciated
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Predicative Relation
3 A subordinate clause:
 That this interest continues to increase is attested by
the growing number of papers
 Who comes depends on what has been written in the
letter
 If John comes or not is unclear
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Predicative Relation
4 Anticipatory THERE:
 There are some issues to discuss.
 There happened to be a marker on the map.
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Next lecture
 Actantial Syntactic Relations
(continuation). Syntactic Features.
Attributive Relations
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