Transcript Greek I

Greek I
Punctuation, Syllabification and
Introduction to English Nouns
(Chapters 4-5)
The NT Text
 oi[tine,j eivsin VIsrahli/tai( w-n h` ui`oqesi,a kai. h` do,xa
kai. ai` diaqh/kai kai. h` nomoqesi,a kai. h` latrei,a kai.
ai` evpaggeli,ai( 5 w-n oi` pate,rej kai. evx w-n o` Cristo.j
to. kata. sa,rka( o` w'n evpi. pa,ntwn qeo.j euvloghto.j eivj
tou.j aivw/naj( avmh,nÅ Romans 9:4-5
Overview of Tonight’s Lesson
 Four Greek punctuation marks and
three accents.
 Syllabification: dividing a Greek word
into syllables in order to be able to
pronounce it correctly.
 Introduction to English Nouns
Greek Punctuation
 avpekri,qh VIhsou/j kai. ei=pen auvth/|( Eiv h;|deij th.n dwrea.n
tou/ qeou/ kai. ti,j evstin o` le,gwn soi( Do,j moi pei/n( su.
a'n h;|thsaj auvto.n kai. e;dwken a;n soi u[dwr zw/nÅ
 le,gei auvtw/| Îh` gunh,Ð( Ku,rie( ou;te a;ntlhma e;ceij kai.
to. fre,ar evsti.n baqu,\ po,qen ou=n e;ceij to. u[dwr to.
zw/nÈ (John 4:10-11)
 In sum
 Commas and periods are the same in Greek as
they are in English.
 In Greek, a period above the line is a semi-colon
and a semi-colon is a question mark.
Diacritical Marks
 Diaeresis – We learned about this last time.
Examples: naïve, Mwu?sh/j
 Elision – when certain prepositions and conjunctions
end in vowels and the following word also begins in a
vowel, the vowel of the first word drops off and is
replaced by an apostrophe (similar to a contraction
in English; don’t confuse with smooth breathing).
 ou-toj h=lqen eivj marturi,an i[na marturh,sh| peri. tou/ fwto,j( i[na
pa,ntej pisteu,swsin diV auvtou/Å (John 1:7)
 oi] ouvk evx ai`ma,twn ouvde. evk qelh,matoj sarko.j ouvde. evk qelh,matoj
avndro.j avllV evk qeou/ evgennh,qhsanÅ(John 1:13)
Diacritical Marks




Accents – Almost every Greek word has an accent mark.
It is placed over a vowel and shows which syllable receives
the stress. There are 3 kinds:
evn auvtw/| zwh. h=n( kai. h` zwh. h=n to. fw/j tw/n avnqrw,pwn\ (John 1:4)



Acute – pitch goes up.
Grave – pitch goes down.
Circumflex – pitch goes up, then down.



ti,j means “who”
tij means “someone”
See appendix in Mounce for more like these (p. 338).
For our purposes in pronunciation, we will simply stress the
syllable that has the accent (see advanced information, pp.
20-21, for rules on accent placement).
Sometimes an accent changes the meaning of a word.
Syllabification – How to Divide
Words for Pronunciation
 There is one vowel (or dipthong) per syllable.
 av kh ko, a men
mar tu rou/ men
 A single consonant by itself (not a cluster) goes with
the following vowel.
 e` w ra ,ka men
ev qe a sa, me qa
 Two consecutive vowels that do not form a dipthong
are divided.
 ev qe a sa, me qa
~H sa i< aj
 A consonant cluster that can not be pronounced
together is divided, and the first consonant goes with
the preceding vowel.
 e;m pro sqen
avr ch/j
Syllabification – How to Divide
Words for Pronunciation
 A consonant cluster that can be
pronounced together goes with the
following vowel.
 Cri sto,j
gra fh,
 Double consonants are divided.
 Av pag ge,l lo men
par rh si, a
 Compound words are divided where
joined.
 Avn ti, cri stoj
evk ba,l lw
Vocabulary for Chapter 4
Introduction to English
Nouns
Grammatical Terminology
Inflection
 Inflection is the phenomena of a
word’s form changing when it
performs different functions in a
sentence.
 She will fail the class.
 The teacher failed her.
 English is not highly inflected, but
Greek is.
Grammatical Concepts Associated
with Inflection
 Case – The individual form of a word as it
performs a particular function in a
sentence. In English there are 3 cases:
 Subjective – performs the action of the verb.
 Objective – receives the action of the verb, or
serves as the object of a preposition.
 Possessive – as the name implies, shows
possession.
 The main words in English that change their
forms according to the function they perform are
pronouns, e.g. he, him, his.
Grammatical Concepts Associated
with Inflection
 Number – A word can be either singular
or plural, depending on whether it refers
to one or more than one.
 Gender – Some words (again, mostly
pronouns in English) change their form
depending upon whether they are referring
to a masculine, feminine, or neuter
object.
 He gave it to her. All 3 pronouns are third
personal singular.
 Natural gender is when a word takes on the
gender of the object it represents. This is the
exception rather than the rule in Greek.
Grammatical Concepts Associated
with Inflection
 Declension – the full pattern of
different cases for a particular word
(see pp. 345-46 in Mounce).
English Parts of Speech and Parts
of a Sentence







Noun

Names a person, place, or thing.

Modifies a noun or pronoun.

Depicts relationship between two other words. The noun or
pronoun following the preposition is its object.
Adjective
Preposition
Subject

Subject of the verb and its modifiers.

Everything other than the subject, including verb, direct
object, etc.
Predicate
Definite article

“the”

“a” or “an”
Indefinite article
Greek Verbs
 We will concentrate on nouns and
adjectives first, then do verbs.
 But in order to do the exercises, you
need to know that concerning verbs,
it’s all in the ending! (see p. 363).
 Greek verbs have the subject built in;
you will need to add it when you
translate.
For Next Week
 Vocabulary quiz on words at the end
of chapter 4.
 Workbook Exercise 4 is due. This
exercise is over the material that we
covered tonight in class.
 Read Chapter 6, “Nominative and
Accusative; Definite Article”