Transcript Finite Verb Phrase

Introduction
Grammatical
Hierarchy
Definition of GRAMMAR
 GRAMMAR:
 the structural system of a language.
 the branch of linguistics that deals with
syntax and morphology (and sometimes
also deals with semantics)
Linguistics
Syntax
Grammar
Morphology
Semantics
Five Ranks
 The grammar of the English language is
organized into five ranks:





the Sentence
the Clause
the Phrase
the Word
the Morpheme
Diagram of the five ranks:
 Each rank is composed of one or more
than one grammatical unit of the
immediate lower rank:
Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Word
Morpheme
Example

A full sentence can generally be
segmented rank by rank down to its
smallest constituents---the morphemes.
Sentence
Clause
These undergraduates are rapidly improving
in their writing.
Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
are
are
These
undergraduates rapidly
improving
Morphemes
Phrases
Prepositional Phrase
in
their
writing
Words
0.1 Morphemes
1.Definition:
the minimum or smallest grammatical unit
the smallest meaningful element of speech.
2.Classification:
Two categories:
1) Free Morphemes
2) Bound Morphemes.
*3) Allomorphs
3. Diagram of Morpheme
1) Free Morphemes
1. Definition:
 has a complete meaning
 can stand by itself as a Simple Word
 can sometimes act as a complete utterance
in connected speech
 to form Compound Words
Derivatives
2) Bound Morphemes
are mostly affixes
also meaningful, but the meaning is not
complete in itself unless it is attached to
some other forms
cannot stand by itself: it only exists
as an
Inflectional
or
Derivational
Affix
Inflectional Affix
 -’s (genitive case)
-s/-es (plural nouns)
-s/-es (the third person singular verbs in simple present)
-ed (past tense verbs)
-ing, -ed (-ing participle, -ed participle form of verbs)
-er, -est (comparative, superlative degree of adjectives/
adverbs)
Derivational Affix

Prefix, Suffix
 (Prefix) + Root + (suffix)
 co-exist existence co-existence
Diagram of Morpheme
Free
morpheme
Free M ＋ Affix
Free M ＋ Free M
Morpheme
Bound
morpheme
Derivative
Compound word
Word-formation
Inflectional Affix
Affix
-’s, -s -ing, -ed/-en
-est, -er, -s,-es
Prefix
＋ Root
Derivational Affix
Suffix
3) Allomorphs
Definition:
 The variants of the same morpheme are
called allomorphs.
Explanation:
 the same morpheme in different contexts
may take different phonological or
orthographical forms.
Examples:
In Orthography:
 inimil inactive
immature illegal
 incoherent
immortal illogical
 inexperienced imperfect illegible
In phonology:
-s cats
dogs
houses
/s/
/z/
/iz/
irirrational
irregular
irrelevant
0.2 Words
 is composed of one or more morpheme.
 can be classified in two ways:
 in terms of
word-formation
 grammatical function

In terms of Word-formation
a) Simple Word
b) Derivative
c) Compound Word
a) Simple Word:
also called Morpheme Word (free morpheme)
minor but has frequent appearance
and strong derivational ability
the main body of English vocabulary
usually the small word
at
near
take
on
hand
make
down
foot
b) Derivative:
Structure:
(prefix) + root +(suffix) :
unkind ness
Influence
the meaning
of the root
Influence
the part of speech
of the root
c) Compound Word
Structure:
Free Morpheme + Free Morpheme
Classification:
 Compound Noun
Compound Adjective
Compound Verb
Compound Adverb
Compound Pronoun
Compound Conjunction
Compound Preposition
In terms of grammatical function
 Closed-class words
 Open-class words
Closed-class words
Definition:
Closed-class words refer to those sets of
words whose items are closed or limited
in number and are only exceptionally
extended by the creation of additional
members.
Scope:
All the Function Words:
Preposition
Pronoun
Determiner
Conjunction
Auxiliary
Open-class Words
Definition:
Open-class words refer to those sets of
words whose items are indefinitely
extendable. New items are constantly
being created and old items are giving
place to new ones.
Scope:
All the Content Words:
•
•
•
•
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
Main Verb
NOTE:
Cardinal Numeral, Ordinal Numeral
and Interjection are between closed
and open
0.3 Phrases
Definition:
 is composed of one or more than one word.
 is a group of words organized in a specific
way with a key Word as its Head.
 The word class of the Head determines the
class of the phrase and the way in which the
words are organized.
Word Class of Phrase :
1. Noun Phrase
2. Verb Phrase
3. Adjective Phrase
4. Adverb Phrase
5. Prepositional Phrase
1) The Noun Phrase:
 Structure:
(Determiner) + (Pre-Modifier) + Noun + (Post-Modifier)
 all the college
Determiner
students
Noun
as the Head
Noun
as the Pre-Modifier
Exercise
Prepositional Phrase
Non-finite
 His new book on phonology
Verb Phrase
 Milton lived in the 17th century
 The author’s new novel
novel that will soon come out
Clause
2) The Verb Phrase:
Classification :
In terms of the amount of verbs
 Simple Verb Phrase
 Complex Verb Phrase
In terms of grammatical form
 Finite Verb Phrase
 Non-finite Verb Phrase
Simple Verb Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Main Verb + (Modifier)
 She looks pale. Main Verb
 We utterly detested him.
Modifier + Main Verb
Complex Verb Phrase:
Structure:
Auxiliary /Auxiliaries + Main Verb + (Modifier)
 It is getting dark.
 She ought to have told him about it.
 Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.
Finite Verb Phrase:
A finite verb phrase is initiated by a
finite form, that is, a verb form that
changes according to Tense or Subject.
Verb phrases
I loved you two years ago.
Person/
Number
Tommy loves Lora.
Children love fairy tales.
Tense
Non-finite Verb Phrase:
A non-finite verb phrase is initiated by a
non-finite form, that is, a verb form that
does not change according to Tense or
Subject.
We went there to see a film.
Robert seldom goes there to see a film.
Andrew will go there to see a film.
I usually go there to see a film.
Finite
Non-finite
Point out finite and non- finite verb phrases:
 Having seen the film, we had a discussion.
 Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is
invaluable.
 Tired from studying all afternoon, she went
for a walk.
 Opening the book slowly and tentatively, she
began to read.
Non-finite
Finite
3) The Adjective Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Adjective + (Post modifier / Complementation)
 The course is pretty difficult
difficult.
 I’ll be glad to help you repair the car if
you show me what’s wrong.
4) The Adverb Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Adverb + (post Modifier)
 He spoke loudly and clearly.
5) The Prepositional Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Preposition + Complementation
in the
the north.
north
 The weather has been fine except in
 Now their footsteps could be heard directly
my head.
head
above my
the benefit
benefit of
of some
 We are collecting money for the
some orphans
orphans.
0.4 Clauses:
 is composed of one or more than one
phrase.
 A full-fledged clause is structurally a
sequence of phrase and logically a
construction of “Subject + Predicate”.
Classification:
1) In terms of grammatical function:
2) In terms of the “Subject + Predicate”
construction:
3) In terms of the relation between the
clauses
4) In terms of verb phrase type
5) Verbless clauses
1) In terms of grammatical function:
Independent clause (IC)
stand by itself
act as a complete utterance
Dependent clause (DC)
forms only part of
another clause or phrase
He knows everything about it.
I don’t think he knows everything about it.
Quiz:
 I went to the store. I didn't buy any bread.
IC. IC.
 I went to the store; I didn't buy any bread.
IC; IC.
 I went to the store, but I didn't buy any bread.
IC, IC.
 I went to the store; however, I didn't buy any bread.
IC; IC.
 When I went to the store, I didn't buy any bread.
DC, IC.
 I didn't buy any bread when I went to the store.
IC DC.
2) In terms of the “Subject + Predicate”
construction:
Simple Clause
only one construction of
“subject + predicate”
Complex Clause
comprises
another clause or other clauses
as its element or elements
Examples: simple or complex?
IC
It is not true.
Simple
Simple
IC
What you said is not true.
Complex
IC
DC
He said that it was not true. Simple
Complex
IC
Complex
DC
He complained that what you said was not true.
Complex
DC
Complex
3) In terms of the relation between
the clauses
 In a complex clause, the clause that takes
another clause as its element is the main
clause, while the clause that forms part of
the main clause is a subordinate clause.
Example:
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause
He complained that what you said was not true.
Subordinate Clause
Main Clause
4) In terms of verb phrase type:
 In terms of verb phrase type:
 Finite Clause:
takes a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb
Non-finite Clause:
takes a non-finite verb phrase as its predicator
I signed the paper to get the license.
(Non-finite clause)
It is forbidden to smoke in this room.
(Non-finite clause)
Quiz: Finite or Nonfinite?
1. Everybody left just after the ceremony
2. Inviting your sister was not a great decision
Finite
Nonfinite
3. I'll be home around ten if my train is on time.
Finite
4. They expect Susan to do all the work.
Finite
5. Deprived of oxygen, plants will quickly die
Nonfinite
5) Verbless clauses
 is marked by the absence of any form of
verb element
 is just a construction of “subject + predicate”
without any form of verb element.
 Hungry and exhausted, the climbers
returned.
 Christmas then only days away, the
family was pent up with excitement.
0.5 Sentences
A. Features 
B. Definition 
C. Classification 
A. Features:
 the highest rank of grammatical unit.
 the basic linguistic unit of connected
discourse
 Based on one or more than one clause
 can stand alone and perform a function in
social communication.
B. Definition
 a grammatical unit that can stand by itself
and perform a communicative function.
C. Classification
 Full and Minor Sentences
 A minor sentence is only a sentence
fragment which in specific contexts and
situations can stand by itself and perform a
communicative function.
 Minor sentences are extensively used in
informal discourses.
A: When did he arrive?
B: Last night.
No smoking!
Fire!
Full Sentence
 A Full Sentence is a sentence with an
expressed subject and predicate.
 This kind of sentence is mostly used in
formal speech and writing.
 Classification
Classification of Full Sentence:
 Simple Sentence
one independent clause
 Compound Sentence
Two or more coordinated independent clauses
 Complex Sentence
an independent clause comprising one or
more dependent clauses as its elements
 Compound-complex Sentence
Two or more coordinated independent
clauses with at least one complex clause
Examples:
Some students like to study in the mornings.
S. S.
Jack and James play football every afternoon.
S. S.
Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
I tried to speak Spanish, and
my friend tried to speak English.
S. S.
Cpd. S.
We had to go inside when it started raining.
Cpx. S.
As long as it isn't cold , it doesn't matter if it rains.
I admire Tim, but he doesn't admire me,
although I try hard to impress him.
Cpx. S.
Cpd. Cpx. S.
The End