Transcript gerunds and infinitives complete explanation

Gerunds
and
Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives
can function as:
NOUNS
(subjects, objects, subject
complements)
As subjects, they take a singular
verb.
Only Gerunds can be object of the
preposition.
To form gerunds, use
the base form + ing
(don’t’ forget the rules for spelling of ing form of verbs)
I enjoy learning English
To form negative gerunds, use
not + gerund
Not speaking English well is my
biggest problem in this country.
Gerunds used as subject
of the sentence.
Dancing is fun.
Gerunds used as objects
He enjoys working with
children.
Verbs that take only Gerunds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Appreciate
Avoid
Delay
Deny
Discuss
Dislike
Enjoy
Excuse
Finish
understand
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keep
Mention
Mind
Miss
Postpone
Quit
Recall
Recommend
Resent
suggest
Gerunds used as object of
the preposition
I am thinking about taking the children
to Mexico.
Common preposition combinations
followed by gerunds
• Be excited about, complain about, talk about,
think about, worry about
• Apologize for, blame for, famous for
• Believe in, interested in, succeed in
• Take care of, instead of, be accused of
• Insist on, count on, concentrate on
• Keep from, prevent from, profit from
• In addition to, look forward to, be used to
By + gerund
You get good grades by studying
hard.
go + gerund
Recreational activities: camping, dancing,
sightseeing, swimming, skiing, fishing, jogging,
I will go fishing with you tomorrow.
Some expressions are
used with gerunds
Be busy, can’t help, have fun,
it’s no use, it’s not worth
When a specific performer of the
gerund action needs to be indicated,
a possessive (kepemilikan) noun or a
possessive determiner is used.
I really appreciate Karen’s/her
writing that letter for me.
Peter’s/his coming late really annoys
me.
Your neglecting your teeth will cause
an earlier return to the dentist.
Their denying the allegation was
understandable.
I didn’t like the dog’s barking all
night.
I don’t mind his leaving early.
(formal)
I don’t mind him leaving early.
(informal)
INFINITIVES
To form infinitives use
to + base form of the verb
I want to dance
To form negative infinitives use
Not + infinitive
He decided not to go to the party.
Infinitives in the subject
position
To live in the United States is my dream
Subject: to live
Infinitives in the object position
Example:
I want to dance
Verbs that take infinitives
Verb + infinitives – agree, appear, decide
hope, intend, learn, offer, plan, seem, tend, wait,
can afford
Verb + Noun phrase + infinitive – cause,
convince, force, invite, order, persuade, remind,
tell, trust, warn, advise, encourage
Verbs that come directly after the infinitive or
have a noun phrase – ask, beg, choose, expect,
need, want, would like, promise
Adjectives followed by
infinitives
Afraid, amazed, anxious, ashamed, careful,
delighted, eager, fortunate, glad, happy,
lucky, pleased, ready, sad, sorry,
Example:
I am happy to hear that
I am sorry to hear that
You are so lucky to win the lottery
I am afraid to talk to you
Infinitive of purpose
In order to
I came here in order to learn.
Infinitive with too and enough
too + adjective or adverb + infinitive
She is too young to vote.
Adjective or adverb + enough +
infinitive
They are old enough to vote.
Differentiation between Gerunds
and to-infinitive
Gerunds often follow verbs that
indicate that an action is happening
or has happened.
The action expressed by the verb
comes at the same time or after the
action expressed by the gerund.
We enjoy going to concerts.
(you can only enjoy things you are doing or have done –
not things you haven’t done yet.)
Infinitives often follow verbs that
indicate that an action will or could
happen.
The action expressed by the verb
comes before the action expressed by
the infinitive.
We hope to go to the concert.
(You can hope for things that could happen
not things that have already happened)
Infinitives can occur in the
progressive (continuous form) but
gerunds cannot.
To be doing
It is used to indicate an activity in
progress or ongoing
She had hoped to be working
Verbs of perception:
infinitives: from start to finish
Gerunds: in progress
I heard the children cry.
I saw your friends walking in the
park.
Verbs that are followed by
a noun phrase + infinitive
can also be followed by a gerund.
The gerund makes it general and the
infinitive make specific the person
indicated.
They allow smoking in this building.
They allowed me to smoke in the
house.
These verbs are:
advise
allow
encourage
permit
require
urge
Some verbs can be followed by both
gerund or infinitive with no change
in meaning.
Begin, hate, like,
start, love, prefer, continue
Example:
I like cooking.
I like to cook.
She started losing weight
She started to lose weight.
Some verbs although they can be used
after both gerunds and infinitives have a
difference in meaning.
remember
forget
regret
stop
try
Example:
Jack remembers buying eggs at the
supermarket.
= Jack bought the eggs and he remembers that
action.
Jack remembers to buy eggs at the
supermarket.
= When Jack goes to the supermarket, he buys
eggs if needs.
I forget buying eggs.
A: wow, we have so many eggs
B: Yeah, you bought it yesterday.
A: Really? I forget buying eggs
I forget to buy bread. (they forgot
to
A: Honey, we don’t have any bread left.
B: Oh my God, I forget to buy bread.
• I regret telling you the bad news.
= I wish I hadn't told you the bad
news.
• I regret to tell you the bad news.
= I'm not happy, but I must tell you
the bad news.
She stopped smoking.
= no longer become a smoker
She stopped to smoke.
= she was walking and suddenly she
stopped and then smoked
• I couldn’t sleep, so I tried drinking
warm milk
= this was one possible way to
achieve what I wanted
• I tried to sleep
= this is what I wanted to achieve
but it is difficult
The similarities
Both gerunds and infinitives can
occur in the perfect form
having done
to have done
It is used to indicate that the activity
is in the past
We appreciate having heard her sing.
We’re fortunate to have heard her
sing
Bare Infinitive
Is also called infinitive without to
Base form of verb
The usage of bare infinitive
•
•
•
•
•
Use after a modal verb
Use after “had better, would rather, rather than”
Use after causative verbs
Use after sense verbs
Use after except and but
After modal verbs
• Modal verbs:
Will, would, may, might, can, could, should, must
Example:
I will marry you
You should run faster
I can do this
After had better, would rather,
and rather than
Example:
We had better not be late
I had rather have stayed in than gone out.
They decided to accept the offer rather than take
their case to court
After causative verbs
Causative verbs:
Have, make, let
> They cause someone to do something.
> They are always followed by a noun phrase +
bare infinitive
Example:
She made me fall.
She lets the students go home early
Please let us know
She had me prepare breakfast yesterday.
After sense verbs
Use bare infinitives after verbs of sense like:
Feel, hear, see, smell
This form should take an object
Example:
I see the men leave the building
I heard someone knock on the door
We felt the ground shake
After except and but
Use bare infinitives after the word “except” and
“but”
Example:
In the flat I do everything except cook
You have done nothing but grumble all day
but, After causative verbs:
get
convince
persuade
use the to-infinitive
She got me to work.
She convinced me to work.
Sense-perception verbs:
hear, listen to
feel, smell, see
watch, observe, notice
are followed by either a noun phrase
+ bare infinitives or gerunds form
with only a slight difference in
meaning.
We saw people living in poverty.
We saw them perform
Help
can take an infinitive or bare
infinitive.
It can occur with or without a noun
phrase.
I helped them carry the boxes.
I helped them to clean up after the
party.
perfect infinitive: to have moved
progressive infinitive: to be working
perfect progressive infinitive:
to have been playing
passive: to be seen
perfect passive: to have been chosen
Perfect gerund: having moved
passive gerund: being done
perfect passive gerund: having been
selected
The End!