Transcript 1. -ing participle used as gerund

Lecture 18 –ing participle
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Objectives:
1.-ing participle used as gerund
2. The logical subject of the gerund
3. Infinitive -to or preposition -to
4. Perfective form and passive form of
gerund
• 5. -ing participle used as present participle
& past participle
Lecture 18 –ing participle
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In this book, the term “-ing participle” is
used to include both the traditional
“present participle” and “gerund”, they are
two kinds of non-finite forms with the
exactly the same form. Their grammatical
forms are as follows. (we use verb do as
an example)
Grammatical forms of-ing participle
Tense
active
passive
simple
doing
being done
perfective
having done
having been
done
I. -ing participle used as gerund
• 1) Function of gerund
• -ing participle used as gerund has the
function of the noun, it can dependently
used as subject, complement, object,
object of the preposition and modifier.
1. function of gerund
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1) as subject
--Talking mends no holes.(空谈无济于事)
--Putting on airs is absolutely impermissible.
(决不可摆架子)
Note: as we know, either infinitive or gerund can
be the subject of a sentence , gerund implies
that an action is being considered in a general
sense, while infinitive could refer to one
particular occasion. Compare:
• --He found parking is difficult.
• -- He found it difficult to park.
1) as subject
• Note:
• When Gerund is used as subject, it can also be
used in the following constructions.
• It is no good/no use/useless/senseless/a waste
of time/fun/worth/worthwhile +–ing participle
• --It is foolish behaving like that.
• --It is a mere waste of time arguing with him.
• --There is no joking about such matter.
• --There is no denying the fact that the new
method has greatly raised labor productivity.
1. -ing participle used as gerund
• 2) as complement
• --Reading is learning, but applying is also
learning.
• -- Seeing is believing. (Gerund is used in
the saying)
1. -ing participle used as gerund
• (1) as object of the verb
• Verbs that can be followed by the -ing participle
used as gerund include
• admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate,
appreciate, avoid, consider, contemplate, defer,
delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, ensure, enjoy,
escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favour,
finish, give up, imagine, include, involve, keep
(on), loathe, miss, pardon, postpone, practice,
prevent, propose, put off, recollect, resent, report,
risk, stop, suggest, understand, etc.
1. -ing participle used as gerund
• (1) as object of the verb
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--He admitted making the mistake.
--She dreads getting old.
--People usually enjoy being flattered.
- The doctor advised taking exercise.
--The thief admitted entering the house.
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(2) as object of the preposition
• When a verb is placed immediately after “verb+ a
preposition” the gerund form is used. Prepositions
followed by gerund are as follows:
• insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to,
suspect……of, accuse……of, charge……of, hear of,
approve of, prevent/stop/keep from, refrain from, be
engaged in, look forward to, oppose to ,depend on,
thank……for, feel like, excuse……for, aim……at,
devote……to, set about, spend……in, be tired of, get
used to, be fond of, be capable of, succeed……in, be
interested in, be ashamed of, be proud of, be keen
on, be responsible for, etc.
(2) as object of the preposition
• --They are all opposed/objected to putting
the meeting off.
• --Have you got used/accustomed to
working on the night shift.
(2) as object of the preposition
• Gerund can also be the object of the only
preposition such as about, against, at, before,
after, by, besides, for, from, in, on, up and
without.
• --They broke into loud cheers on hearing the
news.
• --I’m sorry to have delayed so long in answering
your letter.
• --He felt uncomfortable about accepting the gift.
(2) as object of the preposition
• Object of some special verb such as help, resist
and stand are all used in a negative form which
can be followed by gerund.
• --She couldn't help crying when she heard
the news.
• --On seeing the conductor trip and fall on his
face, the audience couldn't resist laughing.
(2) as object of the preposition
• Gerund used with some idioms such as:
with a view to, for the purpose of, with the
object to, in case of, in the event of,
instead of, part from, for fear that, etc.
• --We adopted the new methods with a
view to raising our efficiency.
• --She hurried back to school for fear of
missing too many lessons.
3) as pre-modifier
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Gerund used as pre-modifier shows the
function that noun can fulfill, while present
participle used as modifier shows the
action that noun conveys and there is
subject-predicate relation between the
present participle and the noun. eg:
• A singing girl (= a girl is singing) ( -ing
participle used as modifier)
• Singing competition (=competition for
singing) (-ing participle used as gerund),
Present participle and Gerund as pre-modifier
Present participle
Gerund
waiting car
waiting-room
sleeping child
sleeping-car(卧车)
laughing stock(笑柄)
writing-table （写字台）
a smiling face
working method
flying saucer(飞碟)
flying-suit(飞行衣)
2. The logical subject of the gerund
• The logical subject needs to be mentioned
if the reference does not cover the subject
of the main clause: Note that the logical
subject can take the form of either the
objective case (me, him, John, etc.) or the
genitive case (my, his John's, etc.). The
objective case is generally regarded as
less formal than the genitive case. In this
construction, we can use common case of
the noun or the pronoun of the inanimate
things unless the gerund is used initially.
2. The logical subject of the gerund
• He was awakened by someone knocking
at the door.
• Lao li’s going won’t be of much help.
• Is there any hope of our team winning the
game?
• Their coming to help was a great
encouragement
2. The logical subject of the gerund
• Note: The logical subject may also appear in
other syntactic environments. For example,
some verbs allow being followed by preposition
+ -ing participle:
• --Please excuse me for opening your letter by
mistake.
(Also: Please excuse my opening your letter
by mistake.)
• --She accused him of tricking her into
marrying him.
• --I want to congratulate you on being
admitted to the doctoral program
3. Infinitive -to or preposition -to
• The problem of whether to use an infinitive to or
preposition -to
after a verb is complicated because the two nonfinite forms are sometimes interchangeable
without any significant change of meaning or
because either is acceptable in grammatical terms
in spite of the different meanings they convey.
• The infinitive to or preposition -to
are not very different in meaning after the
following verbs:
3. Infinitive -to or preposition -to
• (1) like to do /doing
• attempt, begin, can't bear, cease, continue,
deserve, hate, intend, like, love, need,
neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose,
require, start, want, etc.
• --I began to learn/learning English when I
was twelve.
--They never cease to
complain/complaining about whatever is
on TV.
3. Infinitive -to or preposition -to
• With remember and forget the infinitive
relates to what is to be done and not done
yet, while the -ing participle expresses a
finished action. Compare:
• --Don't worry. I'll remember to tell her the
news.
• --I remember telling her the news. I'm sure
I did it.
3.Infinitive -to or preposition -to
• Other verbs like remember : forget, mean, regret,
try
• Compare:
• --I'm sure he didn't mean to hurt you. (to intend)
• --Success means working very very hard. (to
represent a meaning)
• --I regret to inform you that the committee has
turned down your application. (to express
sympathy)
• --I regret telling her the news. (to express
repentance)
(2) Need + doing
• There is a voice shift if one non-finite form is
replaced by the other after any of these verbs,
for the active -ing participle is semantically
equivalent to the passive infinitive: verbs used
like this: want, require, deserve etc.
• --The suspect didn't deserve treating/to be
treated by rough handling.
• --That case requires investigating/to be
investigated immediately.
4. Perfective form and passive
form of gerund
• 1) Perfective form shows that the action that the
verb shows used as gerund occurs before the
action that the predicate verb conveys
• --I regret not having taken her advice.
• --I don’t remember having ever promised you
that.
• --I have no idea of their having done such a
thing.
• --I apologized for not having kept my promise.
4. Perfective form and passive
form of gerund
• 2) The passive form is used when the logical
subject of the gerund is recipient of the gerund.
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--He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
--This question is far from being settled.
--They insisted on their being treated as equal.
-- I don’t remember having been given a chance
to try his method.
II. Verb-ing form used as present
participle & past participle
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Present participle is one of the noninfinitive forms, it has the function of adj
and adv. It can be used as (1) pre-modifier,
(2) complement, (3) adverbial,
• (4) compound construction.
1. -ing form used as present
participle & past participle
• 1) as premodifier
• Present participle (verb-ing )has the
active meaning, past participle (verb-ed)
has passive meaning and also shows the
completion of an action.
• Compare:
• --He is an interesting man.
• --Interested members will meet at two.
1) as pre-modifier
• To begin with, there is an important point
which deserves our attention with regard
to the formation of -ed participles: some
verbs take different -ed participle forms
according to their different grammatical
functions.
1) as pre-modifier
base form
bend
drink
light
melt
rot
sink
shrink
shave
part of
verb
phrase
bent
drunk
lit
melted
rotted
sunk
shrunk
shaved
pre-modifer
completion
bent/bended
drunken
lighted
molten
rotten
sunken
shrunken
shaven
bent
drunk
lit
melted
rotten
sunk
shrunk
shaved
1) as pre-modifier
• As premodifier, transitive -ed participles
usually denote a passive meaning or a
sense of completion. This is distinguished
from -ing participle which may come from
intransitive and transitive verbs and which
usually expresses an active meaning or a
sense of incompletion.
1) as pre-modifier
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the risen sun(升起的太阳);
fallen leaves(落叶);
faded flowers(萎谢的花);
returned students(归国留学生);
escaped prisoner(逃犯);
departed friends(离去的朋友);
his deceased wife(他死去的妻子);
the vanished jewel(失去的珠宝);
the newly arrived visitors(新到的客人).
–ing/-ed form used as premodifier
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Touching story (动人的故事)
Guiding principle(指导原则)
Running water(自来水)
Shining example(光辉榜样)
Raging flames(熊熊烈火)
Biting wind(刺骨的寒风)
Striking contrast(鲜明的对比)
cut glass(刻花玻璃)
guided missile(导弹)
armed forces(武装部队)
canned food
boiled water
smoked fish(熏鱼)
stricken area(灾区)
1) as pre-modifier
• Compound pre-modifier
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far-reaching effects(深远的影响)
heart-felt thanks(衷心的感谢)
fine-sounding words(动听的言辞)
clear-cut answers(明确的答复)
well-cultivated fields(精耕细作的土地)
2) as complement
• -ed participles that can be used as complement
mostly come from transitive verbs. The -ed
participle in postmodification can serve as a
subject complement or an object complement in
the following structures:
• --She looked depressed. (subject complement)
• --We found her depressed. (object complement)
• --They found the story amusing
• --They found the cup broken.
3) as adverbial of time
• --Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help
thinking of her.
• --Having finished their homework, they
went to the library.
• Heated, ice change into water.
• (= when ice is heated)
• Once used, the method will prove efficient.
• Be careful when crossing the street.
3) as adverbial of reason
• --Being so hungry, he asked for more but
was punished.
• --Not having passed the CET, he didn’t get
a bachelor degree.
• --Delighted with her work, they made her
the general manager.
• --Moved by his sincerity, we accepted half
the sum.
• --Depressed, he went out.
4) as adverbial of result
• Her husband died, leaving her with five
children.
• They opened fire, killing one of our
patrolmen.
• 5) as adverbial of manner,
accompanying circumstances
• --They came out of the classroom, talking
and laughing.
• --He put on his old clothes, looking very
silly.
• --He went there with great hope, but
returned greatly disappointed.
5) as adverbial of manner,
accompanying circumstances
• Note that the logical subject of the present
participle should be consistent with the
subject of the main sentence.
• Present participle used as adverbial is
equal to a when-clause or while-clause.
• --Be careful when crossing the street.
(When you are crossing the street.)
• --She got to know him while attending a
conference in Beijing.
5) as adverbial of manner,
accompanying circumstances
• Simple form of the present participle
shows that the action of the present
participle and the action of the main verb
occur at the same time. Otherwise, we use
its perfective form.
• --Having already seen the film twice, she
didn’t want to go to the cinema.
• --Not having received an answer, he
decided to write another letter to them.
• 6) as adverbial of condition
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--Working hard, you can pass the exam.
--Admitting your mistake, you can be pardoned.
--Given enough time, I can also do it.
--Kept within houses, a person can’t know much
about the world.
• --United, we stand; divided, we fall.
• 团结则存，分裂则亡。