Transcript Text: Elements of Language

Phrases,
Clauses,
Sentences,
and How to Punctuate Them
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The Phrase
The Prepositional Phrase
Common Prepositions
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The Phrase
A phrase is a group of words that function as a
single part of speech and that does not contain
both a verb and its subject.
The Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition
and ends with a noun or pronoun (object of the
preposition).
Common Prepositions
64 Commonly Used Prepositions
about
above
according to
across
after
against
along
among
around
aside from
as
at
because of
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond since
but
by
despite
down
during
except
except for
for
from
in
in back of
in front of
in place of
in spite of
inside
instead of
into
like
near
next to
of
off
on
on account of
onto
out
out of
outside
over
past
since
through
throughout
to
toward
under
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
Examples of Prepositional Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
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Examples of Prepositional Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
prep.
object
1. Into the thick mist vanished the carriage.
prep.
object
2. Linh Phan has the lead in the school play.
prep. object
object
3. Come with Rick and me
prep.
object
to the concert.
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Adjective & Adverb Phrases
Examples of Adjective Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
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Adjective & Adverb Phrases
Adjective Phrases
Both
Adverb Phrases
Which one?
What kind?
Both are
Prepositional
Phrases
When?
Where?
How?
Why?
How often? How long?
To what extent?
Both modify
something else
in a sentence
They modify verbs,
adjectives, or adverbs
How many?
How much?
They modify nouns
And pronouns
Examples of Adjective Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
1. Rosa chose the one with blue stripes. (which one?)
2. We bought a CD by Janet Jackson.
(what kind?)
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Examples of Adverb Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
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The Participial Phrase
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Examples of Adverb Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
1. The cavalry will reach the fort by noon. (when?)
2. We got our new puppy at the animal shelter. (where?)
The Participial Phrase
A participial phrase consists of a participle and its modifiers.
The entire phrase acts as an adjective.
Participle = a verb acting as an adjective
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Examples of Participial Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
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Examples of Participial Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
subject verb
1. Stretching slowly, the cat jumped down from the
windowsill.
subject
2.
verb
The tornado predicted by the meteorologist did not
verb
hit our area.
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The Infinitive Phrase
Examples of Infinitive Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
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The Infinitive Phrase
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An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its
modifiers. The entire phrase may be used as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
Infinitive = to + verb
Examples of Infinitive Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
noun/subject
verb
1. To be a good gymnast takes hard work.
verb subject adj.
adverb
2. Are you ready to go to the gym now?
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The Appositive Phrase
Examples of Appositive Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
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The Appositive Phrase
An appositive phrase renames or explains the word before it.
Examples of Appositive Phrases
Text: Elements of Language
1. Jamaica, a popular island for tourists, is in the
Caribbean Sea.
Non-essential info. = commas
2. May I introduce you to Vernon, my cousin from
Jamaica.
Non-essential info. = commas
3. My sister Alicia is at basketball practice.
Essential info. = no commas
Novel: _________________________
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The Clause
The Independent Clause
(main clause)
Examples of Independent Clauses
Text: Elements of Language
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The Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a
sentence or as part of a sentence.
The Independent Clause
(main clause)
An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a
sentence.
Examples of Independent Clauses
Text: Elements of Language
1. My mother drove me to school.
2. My mother drove me to school, but my brother rode
his bicycle.
3. Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to
school.
Novel: _______________________________
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The Subordinate Clause
(dependent clause)
The Adjective Clause
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The Subordinate Clause
(dependent clause)
A subordinate clause does NOT express a complete thought and cannot
stand alone as a sentence.
Since I missed the bus, my mother drove me to school.
Two kinds of subordinate clauses are the Adjective Clause and the
Adverb Clause.
The Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or
pronoun. Adjective clauses begin with Relative Pronouns:
that
which
who
whom
whose
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Examples of Adjective Clauses
Text: Elements of Language
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Examples of Adjective Clauses
Text: Elements of Language
noun
1. A snorkel is a hollow tube that lets a diver breath underwater.
Pronoun
2. Those whose library books are overdue must pay fines.
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The Adverb Clause
Examples of Adverb Clauses
Text: Elements of Language
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The Adverb Clause
An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. Adverb clauses begin
with a subordinating conjunction:
Examples of Adverb Clauses
Text: Elements of Language
1. I feel as though I will never catch up.
2. After I finish painting my bookcases, I will call you.
3. I have more work to do today because I didn’t paint yesterday.
Novel: _______________________________
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The Sentence
The Simple Sentence
The Compound Sentence
Coordinating Conjunctions
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The Sentence
The Simple Sentence
One complete thought – an independent clause
Does not contain a subordinate clause
The Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a
comma and a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.
You can remember the coordinating
conjunctions with the word FANBOYS:
Coordinating Conjunctions
For
But
And
Or
Nor
Yet
So
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Examples of Compound Sentences
Text: Elements of Language
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Examples of Compound Sentences
Text: Elements of Language
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S
V
SV
1. Kathryn’s scene is in the last act of the play, so she must wait in the wings for her
cue.
S
V
S
V
2. No one was injured in the fire, but several homes were destroyed, and
SV
many trees burned down.
S
V
S
V
3. No one was injured in the fire; several homes were destroyed, and many
S
V
trees burned down.
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The Complex Sentence
Examples of Complex Sentences
Text: Elements of Language
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The Complex Sentence
A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and
at least one subordinate clause.
Examples of Complex Sentences
Text: Elements of Language
1. When I hear classical music, I think of Aunt Sofia.
2. Helen Keller, who overcame severe physical impairments, showed great determination.
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The Compound-Complex Sentence
Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences
Text: Elements of Language
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The Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent
clauses and at least one subordinate clause.
Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences
Text: Elements of Language
1. The band began to play, and Clarissa was pulled onto
the floor for a dance that was starting.
2. Whenever we go on vacation, our neighbors mow our
yard, and they collect our mail.
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Punctuation
The Comma ,
1. …to separate lists of words, phrases, and clauses:
Words:
We visited cities, people, and parks.
Phrases: He worked in the morning, at dusk, and in the
evening.
Clauses: She developed the photos, I enlarged them, and Tim
put them in frames.
2. …between adjectives:
We saw a run-down, rusty car outside.
3. …before the conjunction in a compound sentence:
We wanted a picture of the sunrise, but it rained that day.
(fanboys)
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4. …dates & locations:
Saturday, July 20, 2014
Phoenix, Arizona
London, England
5. …around an interrupter or an appositive:
His hope, of course, was that she would return.
Joe, my uncle, laughed at the joke.
6. …after an introductory phrase:
To succeed in school, you must study.
No, we don’t need any more supplies.
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Examples of Commas
Novel: _________________________
Rule # ___:
Rule # ___:
Rule # ___:
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The Semicolon ;
1. …in place of a coordinating conjunction:
Shelly’s birthstone is a ruby; Faith’s is an opal.
2. …to separate three or more independent clauses:
The birds vanished; the sky grew dark; the
little pond was still.
3. …Semicolon Comma “Combo”
Use a semicolon and a comma with words like also, besides,
furthermore, however, as a result, at this time,
consequently …
I like the color of the leaves in October; however,
I do not like raking them.
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Examples of Semicolons
Novel: _________________________
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The Colon :
1. …formal greeting - Dear Sir:
2. …time - 8:30 AM
3. …before a list In music we study these composers: Copland,
Ives, and Barber.
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DO NOT USE A COLON AFTER A VERB OR A PREPOSITION
Incorrect: Bring: a book, a pencil, and paper.
Correct:
Bring the following: a book, a pencil, and paper.
Incorrect: The program consists of: a solo, a duet, and a trio.
Correct: The program consists of these acts: a solo, a duet, and
a trio.
Examples of Colons
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