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English Grammar PARTS OF SPEECH Presented by: Pir Suhail Ahmed Adapted by: Mrs. Yancey EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions A word that names A Person A Thing A Place An Idea KINDS OF NOUNS Common Nouns (a general person, Proper Nouns(a specific place, thing, or idea) person, place, thing, or idea) boy Girl Singular Nouns (one person, place, Ali Italy Plural Nouns (more than thing, or idea) one person, place thing or idea) boy Girl Singular Possessive (one person boys Girls Plural Possessive (more place, thing, or idea that shows possession) than one person, place, thing or idea that shows possession) boy’s girl’s boys’ girls’ KINDS OF NOUNS Concrete Nouns (a person, place, Abstract Nouns (a thing, or idea that occupies space or can person, place, thing, or idea that be recognized by one of the five senses) names an idea, quality, or characteristic) guitar house smoke Collective Nouns (a person, place, thing, or idea that names a group) family audience Team happiness humor bravery Pronouns The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. The word it stands for is the antecedent. Personal Pronouns (refers to a specific person or thing) I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they them Indefinite Pronouns (refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does) anybody, one, each, all, another, any, both, few, several, either, none, someone, many, most, much, no one Pronouns Continued… Interrogative Pronouns (used to form questions) who whom what which whose Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns (reflexive pronouns reflect back to a noun or pronoun while an intensive pronoun adds emphasis) myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Verb A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement. Every sentence must have a verb. Subject Verb Predicate KINDS OF VERBS Action verbs express mental or physical action. He rode the horse to victory. Transitive verbs are action verbs that are followed by words that answer the question what? or whom? Cats see their prey in the dark. Intransitive verbs are action verbs that is not followed by words that answer the questions what? or whom? Cats see well. KINDS OF VERBS Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. Common Linking Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, seem, be Other Linking Verbs: look, remain, seem, become, stay, grow, appear, sound, taste, smell, feel He has been sick. KINDS OF VERBS Verb Phrases are verbs that consist of more than one word. Helping verbs are words that assist the main verb. Common Helping Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, Seem, be, has, have, had, can, could, do, does, did, may, might, must, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would Adjective Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. Answers these questions: Did you lose your Is that a Just give me book? sweater? minutes. Adjectives Continued • Articles - The words “a,” “an,” and “the” are called articles. Articles are adjectives! • She found a ring. • They spotted an iceberg. • He was the honorable choice. • Proper adjectives – These are words that are formed from proper nouns and begin with a capital letter. • Ex. Rembrandt was a Dutch painter. • The Berlin Wall came down in 1989. Adverb Modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers these questions: He ran . She left We went It was . . hot! • the word “not” and the contraction “n’t” are adverbs! - ex. The plane has not landed. Preposition Introduces a noun or pronoun or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object. COMMON PREPOSITIONS aboard about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without Conjunction A word that joins words or groups of words. either/or so Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjuncitons Subordinating Conjunctions • for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so • Both…and, just as…so, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or • After, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, considering that, if, inasmuch as, in order that, provided that, since, so long as, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, while Interjection An exclamatory word that expresses emotion.