Transcript Class Session 14b Lecture (7/20/12)

Class Session 14b
Chapter 9
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Useful Vocabulary for Giving Directions
•
Expressing Locations Affected by Movement with Particle o
•
Expressing Direction with the Particle ni
•
Indicating the Result with the Conjunction sō suru to
•
Progressive State
•
Habitual State
•
Expressing an Extreme Habit with bakari
•
Resulting State
•
Stative Verbs in English
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Useful Vocabulary for Giving Directions (p170)
The following verbs and nouns are useful for giving and receiving directions:
(items in red are not in the textbook):
iku
to go
magaru
to make a turn
( migi e magatte
turn right and . . .)
( hidari e magatte turn left and . . .)
wataru
to cross
massugu
straight ahead
sugiru
to pass
tomaru
to stop
aruku
to walk
kōsaten
intersection
kado
corner
tsukiatari
end of the street
hashi
bridge
michi
street, road
san-dan-dōri
Third Street
shingō
traffic light
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Expressing Locations Affected by Movement with Particle o
• The location over which a movement action takes place is marked with the particle o:
hashi o wataru
to cross a bridge
ano ginkō o sugiru
to pass that bank
kono michi o massugu iku
to go straight on this street
mit-tsu-me no kōsaten o magaru
mit-tsu-me no kōsaten de magaru
to make a turn through the 3rd intersection
to make a turn at the 3rd intersection
• Compare the following expressions that show the difference between particles:
sora e tobu
to fly towards the sky
sora ni tobu
to fly to the sky
sora o tobu
to fly through the sky
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Expressing Direction with the Particle ni
The direction of movement (such as turning) is marked with the particle ni:
ano kōsaten o (de) migi ni magaru
to make a right turn at the intersection
kono michi o kita ni iku
to go north on this street
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Indicating the Result with the Conjunction sō suru to
Use the conjunction soo suru to to state the resul after some action:
futa-tsu-me-no kōsaten de migi ni magatte (kudasai). Sō suru to, hidari
ni hon’ya ga arimasu.
(Please) make a right turn at the second intersection. Then, you’ll see (there
will be) a bookstore on your left
Note the difference between soo suru to and sore kara (Chapter 7), both translated as
then:
sore kara
shows the action that takes palce after another action
soo suru to
shows what happens as a result of the first action
This passage uses both sore kara and soo suru to:
kono michi o massugu itte kudasai. sore kara, futa-tsu-me no kōsaten o
migi ni magatte kudasai. sō suru to, hidari ni hon’ya ga arimasu.
Go straight on this street. Then, make a right turn at the second
intersection. Then, you’ll see (there will be) a bookstore on the (your) left.
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Progressive State
• The progressive state expresses on-going activity and is expressed with a te-form
verb + iru (to exist):
haha wa ima ryōri o shite imasu.
My mother is cooking now.
•
irassharu can be use instead of iru to show politeness:
yamada-san no okāsan wa ima, ryōri o shite irasshaimasu.
Ms. Yamada’s mother is cooking right now.
• If the iru is in the past tense, the sentence expresses prolonging activity in the past:
kinō no gogo wa shukudai o shite imashita.
I was doing my homework in the afternoon yesterday.
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Habitual State
• When used with adverbs such as mainichi (every day), itsumo (always), and
tokidoki (sometimes), the sentence expresses an habitual activity:
chichi wa mainichi orenji-jūsu o nonde imasu.
My father drinks (is drinking) orange juice everyday.
haha wa itsumo hataraite imasu.
My mother is always working.
watashi wa tokidoki undō o shite imasu.
I sometimes do (am doing) exercise.
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Expressing an Extreme Habit with bakari
• bakari can be added at the end of the verb in the te-form to express an extreme habit:
otōto wa asonde bakari imasu.
My younger brother does nothing but play (is only playing).
imōto wa tabete bakari imasu.
My younger sister does nothing but eat (is only eating).
• bakari can also be added after a noun (according to Dr. Sato, these two sentences
are almost synonymous):
ane wa terebi o mite bakari imasu.
My older sister does nothing but watch ( is only watching) television.
(The only thing she does is watch television)
ane wa terebi bakari mite imasu.
My older sister only watches television.
(She does not watch movies or anything else)
• bakari cannot be used with the particles ga and o, but it can be used with other particles
such as ni:
ani wa izakaya ni bakkari itte imasu.
My brother does not go anywhere but izakaya bars.
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Resulting State
• Some actions can cause a certain resulting state (e.g., a drinking action will cause the
state of being intoxicated
• The te-form + iru is used to describe the current state that results from a past action:
o-sake o nonde imasu.
Can mean “He is intoxicated.”
• Verbs that express change-of-state actions such as kekkon suru can only yield the
resulting state interpretation when they are used in the te-form + iru construction:
maiku-san wa kekkon shite imasu.
Means “Mike got married in the past, and, as a result, he is married” or
“Mike married in the past, and continues to exist in a state of marriage”
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Stative Verbs in English
• English verbs such as to know and to live express a state rather than an action
• These states are often expressed by the te-form + iru in Japanese:
tanaka-san o shitte imasu ka.
Do you know Mr. Tanaka?
ane wa pari ni sunde imasu.
My older sister lives in Paris.
kono kanji o oboete imasu ka.
Do you remember this kanji?
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