Transcript APA PowerPoint

An Overview of APA Style and
Format
Portland State Writing
Center
2002
Table of Contents
Section One: Basic APA Manuscript
Guidelines
Section Two: How, When, and Why to
Quote
Section Three: Samples of Reference
and In-text Parenthetical Citation
Section One: Guidelines
Type or print on one side only of white,
unruled paper;
Double-space the entire paper--title page,
abstract, headings, text, references, and
block quotations. Left justify text only; no
right flush text.
Leave a minimum one-inch margin on the
sides, top, and bottom of each page.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
A separate title page
is required. The title
page includes four
elements:
manuscript page
header; running
head for publication;
title; by line and
institutional
affiliation.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
• If an abstract is
required, begin an
abstract on a new
page. Do not exceed
120 words.
• Abstracts are required
for most journal entry
submissions;
however, most often
you do not need an
abstract for academic
papers.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
Begin the actual text
on a new page.
Type the title of the
paper, centered, at
the top of the page,
double-space,
indent, and then
type the text.
Indent the beginning
of each paragraph 5
spaces.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
Remember to document
your sources.
 You must document:
all quotations and
any paraphrases.
 Material that is
repeated in more
than one source,
may not have to be
documented.
When using a long
quotation, indent 57 spaces and omit
the quotation marks.
If the quotation has
internal paragraphs,
indent the internal
paragraphs a further
5-7 spaces.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
The Reference list is
alphabetized according
to author's last name--or
title if no author is given
Start the reference list
on a new page. Type
References, centered,
at the top of the page.
Double-space all
reference entries.
Format.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
Any bibliographic or
content notes
should be numbered
Place the content
notes on a separate
page, titled
Footnotes, and
insert after the
References, or in
some cases, at the
bottom of the page.
Section One: Guidelines cont.
Graphs, charts, figures,
tables, and other
illustrative materials are
placed near the
applicable paragraph.
Tables need to be
numbered and titled.
Some professors prefer
all illustrations in an
appendix.
Section Two: The How, When, and Why of
Quotations
Your own words
should clearly
dominate. You are in
control, not your
sources. If you rely
heavily on other
people’s words, then
you are not writing
the paper; they are.
Use a variety of
sources. If you rely
too much on one
source, your reader
may as well go
directly to that
source instead of
reading your paper.
Don’t overuse any
one source.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Choose your quotations carefully and for
specific reasons:




Memorable language
Authority
Accuracy
Brevity
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Cite a source and
page number for
each quotation.
You must cite a
source and page
number for
quotation but may
not be required to
give a page number
for paraphrase.
Most professors
also like to see a
page number even
for paraphrase;
check with your
professor to make
sure. When in
doubt, give the page
number.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Avoid plagiarism by
paraphrasing
carefully and by
keeping track of
where you found
your material.
Paraphrasing is
more than
substituting noun or
verb synonyms; it
involves changes in
sentence structure..
“A foolish consistency is
the hobgoblin of little
minds” (Emerson, 1993,
p.394).
After all, as Ralph
Waldo Emerson (1993)
implied, ill-advised and
overly consistent
behavior can lead to
narrow-mindedness.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Because the reader
needs to know how
you are connecting
the ideas, you need
to provide your own
link between
quotations. Never
use quotations back
to back without your
own linking words.
Discuss your
quotations. Don’t
just pop in a
quotation and run.
Along with
introducing the
quotation, you often
need to discuss the
quotation’s
significance.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Make sure the
reader knows where
your ideas end and
others’ begin.
Avoid wordiness in
introducing your
quotation. At times
you may wish to
discuss the
background of a
source at length, but
mostly you will want
to avoid this sort of
wordy introduction.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
At times change the
position of your
quotations to
provide variety in
your sentences.
Remember that
quotations can
appear in different
positions.
After you’ve finished
your first complete
draft, scan the entire
paper to make sure
that you’re not
quoting too much. If
necessary, revise
the paper to quote
less and paraphrase
more.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Select the right verb and tense. Don’t overuse
“says” or “states.” For example:
adds, agrees, alleges, argues, asserts, claims, compares,
concludes, contrasts, declares, deduces, defines,
demonstrates, disagrees, establishes, explains, finds,
grants, holds, implies, includes, infers, juxtaposes,
maintains, notes, observes, points out, posits, proposes,
provides, reports, shows, speculates, stresses, suggests,
supposes, thinks, views, volunteers.
When you use these descriptive verbs, make sure that you use them correctly.
Section Two: Quotations cont.
Put prose
quotations in
running text when
fewer than forty
words.
When forty words or
more, indent 5-7
spaces from the left
margin. Block
quotations are not
enclosed in
quotation marks.
Section Two: Quotations, cont.
Tables have three kinds of notes, which are
placed below the table: general notes,
specific notes, and probability notes.
Order the notes to a table in the following
sequence: general note, specific note, and
probability note.
For a more specific discussion of tables, please see the
example and consult the APA Handbook.
Section Three: Reference and In-text
Parenthetical Citation
Book
Author, A.A. (1994). Title.
Location: Publisher.
Book with more than
one author
Smith, B. & Larsen, D.
(1998) Title. Location:
Publisher.
Book with an editor
Editor, B. (Ed). (1992).
Title. Location:
Publisher.
Book with no author
Title. (1993). Location:
Publisher.
Section Three: Reference and In-text
Parenthetical Citation
Journal paginated by
volume

Author, B.A. (2000).
Title of journal
article. Title of
Journal., Volume #,
10-36.
Author, R., & Author, S.
(1993). Title of article.
Title of Journal. 45(2),
10-36.
Journal w/ 2 authors
paginated by issue
Section Three: Reference and In-text
Parenthetical Citation
Newspaper
Author, J. (1995
September 30). Title of
article. Title of
Newspaper, pp. A1.
Newsletter
Author, A. B. (1993,
Spring). Title of Article.
Title of Newsletter, 46,
85-86.
Section Three: Reference and In-text
Parenthetical Citation
Book
•
• Annie Dillard’s adolescent
According to Annie Dillard
turmoil caused her to
(1975), adolescence made
question whether she must
her aware of how adults
lose the “passion peculiar to
children” as she matured
had died to themselves
through self-consciousness (1975, p. 225).
and made her question
whether she too would lose • One writer focuses on the
“passion peculiar to children”
forever the “passion
in her exploration of
peculiar to children” (p.
adolescence (Dillard, 1975, p.
225).
225).
Section 6: APA Links
APA Website
Purdue’s APA information Page
PSU Writing Center