Transcript Grammar 101 Spring 2012 National Taipei University

Grammar 101
Spring 2012
National Taipei
University
Instructor:
Jully Yin
Meeting Room: Room 209
Office Hours
• Currently, the instructor does not
have the office hours open on campus.
However, the students of this
workshop can still reach the instructor
if there is any questions need to be
answered.
• How to reach the instructor:
[email protected]
Course Outline
1.Parts of Speech (overview and works specifically on Noun,
Verb, and Adj.)
2.Parts of Speech (works specifically on Adv., Int.,Prep.,
Conj. and Pron.)
3.Sentence Functions (Declarative , Exclamatory ,
Interrogative, and Imperative )
4.Sentence Structures (Simple, Compound, Complex and
Compound-complex)
5.PUNCTUATION & BASIC MECHANICS
6.modal and Auxiliary
7.subject-verb agreement
8.Time and Tenses
9. Time and Tenses
10. Time and Tenses
11. Vocabulary Bank (stem, prefix, infix, and suffix)
12.common mistakes in English writing
Meeting Seven: SubjectVerb Agreement
Open discussion:
What is Subject-Verb Agreement?
Can you name 2 examples?
Is this ok?
I have two pen.
Dad work hard every day.
The news are surprising.
It is ok.
I have two pens.
Dad works hard every day.
The news is surprising.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Basic Principle: Singular
subjects need singular
verbs; plural subjects need
plural verbs.
Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns
anyone, everyone,
someone, no one, nobody
are always singular and,
therefore, require singular
verbs.
All ,some
Some indefinite
pronouns — such as all,
some — are singular or
plural depending on what
they're referring to.
None is? Or None are?
None can be either singular
or plural; it often doesn't
matter whether you use a
singular or a plural verb —
unless something else in the
sentence determines its
number.
None
None of the engines ?
working.
None of the food ? fresh.
None
None of the engines are
working.
None of the food is fresh.
Everyone, Everybody, and
Each
always singular
requires a singular verb
Each of the students is
responsible for doing his or
her work in the library.
together with, as well as,
and along with
The mayor as well as his
brothers is going to prison.
The mayor and his
brothers are going to jail.
Neither and Either
always singular
requires a singular verb
Neither of the two traffic
lights is working.
Either is fine with me.
There and Here
There are two reasons for
this.
There is no reason for this.
Here are two apples.
Nor or Or
when nor or or is used the
subject closer to the verb
determines the number of the
verb
Try It!
Either my father or my brothers ?
going to sell the house.
Neither my brothers nor my father ?
going to sell the house.
? either my brothers or my father
responsible?
? either my father or my brothers
responsible?
Answer Key
Either my father or my brothers are
going to sell the house.
Neither my brothers nor my father is
going to sell the house.
Are either my brothers or my father
responsible?
Is either my father or my brothers
responsible?
Collective Nouns
audience
band
class
committee
crowd
dozen
family
flock
group
heap
herd
jury
kind
lot
[the]
number
public
staff
team
half of, a part of, a
percentage of, and a
majority of
Fractional expressions such
as half of, a part of, a
percentage of, a majority of
are sometimes singular and
sometimes plural, depending
on the meaning.
all, any, more, most and
some
are sometimes singular and
sometimes plural, depending
on the meaning
Try It!
Some of the voters ? still angry.
A large percentage of the older population ?
voting against her.
Two-fifths of the troops ? lost in the battle.
Two-fifths of the vineyard ? destroyed by fire.
Forty percent of the students ? in favor of
changing the policy.
Forty percent of the student body ? in favor of
changing the policy.
Two and two ? four.
Four times four divided by two ? eight.
Some of the voters are still angry.
A large percentage of the older population is
voting against her.
Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.
Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.
Forty percent of the students are in favor of
changing the policy.
Forty percent of the student body is in favor of
changing the policy.
Two and two is four.
Four times four divided by two is eight.
Positive or Negative?
If your sentence compounds
a positive and a negative
subject and one is plural, the
other singular, the verb
should agree with the
positive subject.
QUIZ
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gr
ammar/cgishl/quiz.pl/sv_agr_quiz.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gr
ammar/quizzes/svagr2.htm
Subject-Verb Agreement
Number agreement
Pronunciation of 3rd person [S]
/s/ after a voiceless sound, except /s/,
/sh/, and /ch/.
/z/ after a voiced sound, except /z/,
/zh/, and /j/.
/Is/ When a word ends in /s/, /∫/ ,
/t∫/ , /z/, /dƷ /
Try it!!
fix
see
kiss
wash
play
blur
stop
hang
watch
go
ram
learn
cloth
receive
talk
damage
memorize
call
laugh,
rob
exercise
Let’s hear it!
fixes
sees
kisses
washes
plays
stops
hangs
watches
goes
clothes
receives
talks
damages
calls
laughs
exercises
Answer Key
/z/
plays, sees, goes, robs, hangs,
calls, rams, learns, blurs, clothes,
receives
/s/
laughs, talks, stops
/ɪz/
fixes, kisses, washes, watches,
damages, memorizes, exercises
Be
Copula Be verbs
Jully is a movie-lover.
Auxiliary
Jully is lecturing in Taipei University.
(Present Progressive Aspect)
Do you still remember?
Auxiliary is used in the following
cases:
To form Passive Voice
To form Progressive Aspect
To form Perfect Aspect
To emphasize
Be
Copula (linguistics), a word used to
link subject and predicate.
Formation
subject + linking verb + information
about the subject
Copula Be vs. other verbs
Copula Be has its special forms.
Copula Be may be followed by
adjective phrases. (copular verbs,
AKA linking verbs, will do the same.)
Copula Be behaves like auxiliary in
question formation, negation, and
construction.
Not all languages have Copula Be.
Distinctive Forms
Present Tense
Am (1st person)
Is (3rd person)
Are (everything else)
Past Tense
Was (1st person & 3rd
person)
Were (everything else)
Summary
Copula be can be followed by:
Adjective phrases
Noun phrases
Adverbial prepositional
phrases
Write your
own examples!
Answer Key
I am beautiful.
I am a student.
I am in Disneyland.
Copular Verbs
Be
Look
Feel
Taste
Smell
Sound
Seem
Appear
Get
Become
Grow
Stay
Keep
Turn
Prove
Go
Remain
Resemb
le
Run
Lie
Other Classification
Perception Copulas
State Copulas
Change-of-state copulas
Perception Copulas
Appear
Seem
Feel
Look
Smell
Sound
Taste
State Copulas
Lie
Remain
Rest
stand
Change-of-state
copulas
Become
Come
Fall
Get
Go
Grow
Run
turn
Verbs that can be both
Action and Linking verbs
look
smell
appear
prove
sound
feel
remain
taste
grow
Verbs that are ALWAYS
Linking verbs
to be (is, am, are, was, were, has been,
have been, had been, is being, are being,
was being, will have been, etc.)
to become (become, becomes, became,
has become, have become, had become,
will become, will have become, etc.)
to seem (seemed, seeming, seems, has
seemed, have seemed, had seemed, is
seeming, are seeming, was seeming, were
seeming, will seem)
Action Verbs
http://www.quintcareers.com/action
_alpha.html
Explode! Scream! Sneeze!
Type! Kick!
What are these words
doing? They are
expressing action,
something that a person,
animal, force of nature, or
thing can do.
Basic rule to define an
Action Verb
Can a person or thing do
this?
Ex:During biology class,
Omesh napped at his desk.