Transcript Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Progressive

98-1
Focus on Grammar 4
By Ruth Luman, Gabriele Steiner, and BJ Wells
Copyright © 2006. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
Content
 Simple Past,
Present Perfect, and
Present Perfect Progressive
 Future Perfect and
Future Perfect Progressive
 Negative Yes/No Questions and
Tag Questions
 Phrasal Verbs
Part 1
Simple Past,
Present Perfect, and
Present Perfect Progressive
Adventure Travel Ad
Are you looking for a little adventure in
your life? Travel with me to beautiful
Colorado. I’m an experienced river rafting
and rock climbing guide. I’ve been guiding
adventure travelers in this area for 10
years. In fact, last year, I took 30 trips
down the Colorado River. Oh, and don’t
worry about safety. I’ve also taken a
number of first aid and safety courses. No
one has ever broken any bones on my
trips!
Simple Past 1
Use the simple past to talk about things that happened
and were completed in the past.
I rafted down the Nile River a year ago.
I kayaked in the Grand Canyon for two months.
rafted
past
future
kayaked
Use ago to show
when
something
He’s
not
started.
kayaking
now.
now
Perfect Tenses 1
Use the present perfect and the present perfect
progressive to talk about things that started in the
past, but were not completed.
I have guided travelers my entire career.
I have been rock climbing for 10 years.
past
future
have guided
have been rock climbing
These things continue up to the present
and may continue into the future.
now
Remember!
Non-action (stative) verbs are not usually used in the
progressive.
I’ve been knowing how to rock
climb since I was young.
I’ve known how to rock climb
since I was young.
Perfect Tenses 2
We often use the present perfect and the present perfect
progressive with for and since. Use for to show how long
something has been true and since to show when something started.
I have trained for six years to take this trip.
since 2000.
2000.
He has been guiding trips since
for six years
past
future
have trained
has been guiding
since
2000
now
Simple Past 2
Use the simple past with past time expressions.
lastyear.
year.
We trekked through the Andes Mountains last
ago.
He backpacked in Peru two months ago.
past
future
now
Be Careful!
Don’t use specific time expressions with the present
perfect except after since.
last year.
year.
She has taken skydiving lessons last
She took skydiving lessons last
last year.
year.
since 2004.
2004.
She has taken skydiving lessons since
Present Perfect 1
Use the present perfect without time expressions to talk
about things that happened at some indefinite time in the
past.
They have canoed down the Amazon River.
time ????
past
future
We don’t know when they
canoed down the river, or the
time is not important.
now
Present Perfect 2
The present perfect without for or since shows that an
activity is finished. We often say how many or how
many times with this use of the present perfect.
three times.
times.
He has visited Machu Picchu three
past
future
now
Present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect progressive shows that an
activity is unfinished. We often say how long with the
present perfect progressive.
forfive
fivehours.
hours.
They have been climbing for
past
for five hours
future
have been climbing
The activity is not finished.
They’re still climbing.
now
Present Perfect & Simple Past
Use the present perfect or the simple past with
unfinished time periods such as today, this week, this
month, and this year. Notice the difference in meaning.
She’s traveled to Alaska
twice this month.
She traveled to Alaska
twice this month.
The month isn’t
over. She
might travel
again.
The month isn’t
over, but she
probably won’t
travel again
this month.
Part 2
Future Perfect and
Future Perfect Progressive
Form 1
Use will/won’t + have + past participle to
form the future perfect.
Contestants
will
have
fulfilled
a dream.
Some racers
won’t
have
finished
the course.
will
have
endured dehydration.
They
Future Perfect Progressive 1
Use the future perfect progressive to talk about an action
that will be in progress at a certain time in the future.
By her first Ironman race,
race she will
have been running for three years.
now
past
future
three years
began running
will enter race
Future Perfect Progressive 2
In the future perfect progressive, the action may start
sometime in the future or it may have already started.
By the time the team begins paddling,
paddling
they will have been trekking for 18
hours straight.
now
past
18 hours
will begin trekking
future
will begin paddling
Form 2
Use will / won’t + have been + base form +
-ing to form the future perfect progressive.
will
have
been
for three
running
years.
Some
racers
won’t
have
been
training very long.
Riders
will
have
been
She
eating
all day.
Time Clauses
Use the future perfect or future perfect
progressive with the simple present to show the
relationship between two future events.
simple present
First, millions of spectators line up.future perfect
When the race starts
starts, millions of spectators will have lined up.
Then the race starts.
now
past
future
Part 3
Negative Yes/No Questions
and Tag Questions
Negative Yes/No Questions
Like affirmative yes/no questions, negative yes/no
questions begin with a form of be or an auxiliary
verb, such as have, do, will, can, or should.
Haven’t you
had lunch yet?
Aren’t sharks
vegetarians?
Can’t you swim
somewhere else?
Didn’t you
see the
shark
warning
sign?
Tag Questions 1
Form tag questions with statement + tag. The
statement expresses an assumption. The tag means
Right? OR Isn’t that true?
Tag
It’s a long way down, isn’t it?
Tag
Statement I went the wrong way, didn’t I?
Statement
Tag Questions 2
If the statement verb is affirmative, the tag verb is
negative. If the statement verb is negative, the tag verb
is affirmative.
Negative
Affirmative
You won’t talk for too This
long,rope will hold me,
won’t it?
will you?
Affirmative
Negative
Tag Questions 3
Form the tag with a form of be or an auxiliary verb,
such as have, do, will, can, or should. Use the same
auxiliary that is in the statement.
You
bought
life
insurance,
didn’t you?
He has done
He isn’t
this before,
joking,
is he?
hasn’t
he?
Intonation 1
Use tag questions in conversations when you expect the
other person to agree with you. In this type of tag question,
the voice falls on the tag.
You’re
That hurts, doesn’t it?
right. I
didn’t
wear a
seat belt.
You didn’t wear a seatbelt,
did you?
This type of tag question is
more like a statement than a
question. The listener can
just nod or say uh-huh to
show that he or she is
listening and agrees.
The speaker is checking
information he believes
is correct. He expects
Uhthe listener to answer
huh.
(and agree).
Intonation 2
Tag questions can be used to get information. This type of tag
question is more like a yes/no question. Like a yes/no question,
the voice rises at the end, and you usually get an answer.
This isn’t
dangerous,
That’s is
what
it? they
told us in the
skydiving class.
The speaker wants to
confirm his information
because he is not sure
it is correct.
Well,
Thissometimes
parachute
will open
before
there
are
we land,
won’t it?
sharks.
Part 4
Phrasal Verbs
Transitive Phrasal Verbs 1
Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable. This means
that noun objects can go after the particle or between the
verb and the particle.
He can’t figure out the instructions.
noun object
He can’t figure the instructions out.
noun object
Transitive Phrasal Verbs 2
Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. This means
that both noun and pronoun objects always go after the
particle. You cannot separate the verb from its particle.
Sam ran his boss into.
Sam ran into his boss.
He ran him into.
Sam ran into him.
Transitive Phrasal Verbs 3
A small group of transitive phrasal verbs must be
separated.
I have to do over the report.
I have to do the report over.
Transitive Phrasal Verbs 4
Some transitive phrasal verbs are used in combination with
certain prepositions. A phrasal verb + preposition combination
(also called a three-word verb) is usually inseparable.
I think I should drop out of this class.
I can’t keep up with new technology.
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. This means that
they do not take an object.
Son, hold on. I’m busy talking
on the phone right now.
Dad, hang up and call
the fire department!