Transcript Business English

Conjunctions That Join Equals
Objectives
• Distinguish between simple and
compound sentences.
• Punctuate compound sentences joined by
and, or, not, and but.
• Punctuate compound sentences using
conjunctive adverbs such as therefore,
however, and consequently.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
• Recognize correlative conjunctions
such as either . . . or, neither . . . nor,
and not only . . . but also.
• Use parallel constructions in composing
sentences with correlative conjunctions.
What are conjunctions?
Conjunctions are words that
grammatically join equal or unequal
words or word groups.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Join words, phrases, and clauses of
equal grammatical value or rank.
• Most common are and, or, but, and
nor.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Join words
Our copier is fast, simple, and economical.
• Join phrases
Mail is delivered in the morning and in the
afternoon.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Coordinating Conjunctions
• Join clauses
Miss Soto is the accounts manager, but Mr.
Heinz helps her when necessary.
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one
independent clause that can stand
alone.
Ryan created the database.
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one
independent clause that can stand
alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one
independent clause that can stand
alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one
independent clause that can stand
alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb + object
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one
independent clause that can stand
alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb + object = clause
Simple Sentences
• Simple sentences have one
independent clause that can stand
alone.
Ryan created the database.
subject + verb + object = clause
^period
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
subject
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
subject + verb
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
subject + verb + object
Compound Sentences
• Compound sentences have two or
more independent clauses.
subject + verb + object = clause 1
Ryan created the database, and Sherri
entered data.
subject + verb + object = clause 2
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound
Sentences
• When a coordinating conjunction joins
clauses in compound sentences, a
comma precedes the conjunction unless
the clauses are very short.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound
Sentences
Data Systems has many programs for small
businesses, but it has nothing for larger
businesses.
We called yesterday and we wrote today.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Punctuating Compound
Sentences
Data Systems has many programs for small
businesses, but it has nothing for larger
businesses.
We called yesterday and we wrote today.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your
career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your
career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your
career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your
career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound verbs.
We can help you improve your
management skills and enhance your
career within months.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound
prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown
headquarters or to one of our
suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound
prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown
headquarters or to one of our
suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound
prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown
headquarters or to one of our
suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound
prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown
headquarters or to one of our
suburban branch offices.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Omitting Commas
• Do not use commas when coordinating
conjunctions join compound
prepositional phrases.
You may come to our downtown
headquarters or to one of our
suburban branch offices.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to
improve our products and to continue
to save you time and money.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to
improve our products and to continue
to save you time and money.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to
improve our products and to continue
to save you time and money.
Comma Not Needed
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
1. Our engineers are working on ways to
improve our products and to continue
to save you time and money.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company
and we are sending you the brochures
you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company
and we are sending you the brochures
you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company,
and we are sending you the brochures
you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
2. We appreciate your interest in our company,
and we are sending you the brochures
you requested.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Comma Not Needed
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your
immediate needs or design a system
that will grow with your company.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your
immediate needs or design a system
that will grow with your company.
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your
immediate needs or design a system
that will grow with your company.
Comma Not Needed
Check your skill . . .
Where would you place a comma, if
needed?
4. We can install a system to meet your
immediate needs or design a system
that will grow with your company.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Conjunctive Adverbs
• In addition to coordinating
conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs
may be used to join equal sentence
elements.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Conjunctive Adverbs
• Here are some common conjunctive
adverbs:
consequently hence
in fact
however
thus
in the meantime
therefore
then
moreover
that is
on the contrary
on the other hand
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Semicolons
• Semicolons are used before conjunctive
adverbs that join independent clauses.
First, Nancy Latour was honored; then
Charlotte Cohen received an award.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
• Commas immediately follow conjunctive
adverbs of two or more syllables.
Our supply of cassettes is quite low;
therefore, we must reorder immediately.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
• Many words that function as conjunctive
adverbs may also serve as parenthetical
(interrupting) adverbs.
• Use commas to set off parenthetical
adverbs that interrupt the flow of a
sentence.
Conjunctions and Punctuation
Using Commas
We are, therefore, forced to find a new
supplier.
You may, on the contrary, prefer a computer.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
• Certain conjunctions are always
paired:
both . . . and
not only . . . but (or but also)
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
• For greater emphasis use correlative
conjunctions instead of coordinating
conjunctions.
Your order will be mailed on Friday or on
Monday.
Your order will be mailed either on Friday
or on Monday.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
• In using correlative conjunctions, place
them so that the words, phrases, and
clauses being joined are parallel in
construction.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
Parallel:
You may go either in June or in July.
prepositional prepositional
phrase
phrase
Not Parallel:
Either you may go in June or in July.
clause
phrase
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Correlative Conjunctions
Parallel:
I am not only pleased but also honored to
have your assistance.
Not Parallel:
Not only am I pleased to have your
assistance but I am also honored.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
• Most commonly used coordinating
conjunctions:
and but or nor
• Three other coordinating conjunctions
used occasionally:
yet for so
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
Jane said that she wanted to go, yet she
hasn’t called.
Filling that position will not be easy, for few
applicants have the necessary
computer training.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
• As a coordinating conjunction, the word
so should be used only in informal
writing or conversation.
Conjunctions That Join Equals
Other Coordinating Conjunctions
Informal:
The west parking lot is full, so you should use
the south lot.
Improved:
The west parking lot is full; therefore, you
should use the south lot.
Improved:
Because the west parking lot is full, you
should use the south lot.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the
government nevertheless will suggest no
new taxes.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the
government nevertheless will suggest no
new taxes.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the
government, nevertheless, will suggest no
new taxes.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money
consequently we can expect our overall
expenditures to increase.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money
consequently we can expect our overall
expenditures to increase.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
2. This new benefit plan will cost more money;
consequently, we can expect our overall
expenditures to increase.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits
hence the employees’ union is pleased.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits
hence the employees’ union is pleased.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
3. The board of directors is expanding benefits;
hence the employees’ union is pleased.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and
should arrive from the East within two
weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and
should arrive from the East within two
weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
4. New office furniture has been ordered and
should arrive from the East within two
weeks’ time.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered and it
should arrive from the East within two
weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered and it
should arrive from the East within two
weeks’ time.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
5. New office furniture has been ordered, and it
should arrive from the East within two
weeks’ time.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year on the
other hand indications suggest increased
income this year.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year on the
other hand indications suggest increased
income this year.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
6. Our gross income decreased last year; on
the other hand, indications suggest
increased income this year.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
7. The president said moreover that he
expects the increased income to result in
higher profits.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
7. The president said moreover that he
expects the increased income to result in
higher profits.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
7. The president said, moreover, that he
expects the increased income to result in
higher profits.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low but the
potential for growth is great.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low but the
potential for growth is great.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
9. His salary in his new position is low, but the
potential for growth is great.
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers
consequently I am checking prices.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers
consequently I am checking prices.
a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none
Chapter 14 - Quiz
Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that
should precede and/or follow the
underscored word(s).
10. Our sales reps need laptop computers;
consequently, I am checking prices.
END