Transcript KonsoPassive

Konso passive
Maarten Mous
Passive derivation -am.
• The passive makes the object subject.
• The passive differs from the middle in that
the passive presupposes the existence of an
agent,
Existence of an agent
• urmalaa i
aan-am-é
market 3
go-pas-pf
Going to the market was done by
somebody.
• inna
i
dam-s-am-é-n
boy
3
eat-caus-pas-pf-pl
The boy was fed (by someone).
Any object passivized
• ishá
kaaja kaasat-am-é
he money
ask-pas-pf
He was asked money.
• isha-qara/kapakaajá kaasat-am-é
he-from money
ask-pas-pf
Money was asked from him.
Any object passivized
• anti inna kataata
(in) erg-é
I boy food
1
send-pf
I sent the boy food
• kataata inna i
érg-am-t-é
food.f
boy 3
send-pas-f-pf
Food was sent to the boy
• inna
kataata
i
érg-am-é
boy
food
3
send-pas-pf
The boy was sent food
Causee passivized
• inna
i
dam-s-am-é-n
boy.pl 3
eat-caus-pas-pf-pl
The boy was fed.
Intransitives passivized
• urmalaa
i
áan-am-é
market.pl
3
go-pas-pf
The market was frequented.
“Impersonal” passives constructions
•
•
•
N V-am-subject example
N V-am example
....V-am-subject example
N V-am-subject example
i xosal-am-é
there was laughter, somebody laughted
N V-am example
urmalaa
i
áan-am-é
market.pl
3
go-pas-pf
The market was frequented.
....V-am-subject example
qiimayya-nne i
xosal-am-é
old.people-instr
3
laugh-pas-pf
he was laughed at by the old people
Examples
• kareta-sé
i
stomach.m-def
3
The stomach is satisfied
• kareta-sé
i
stomach.m-def
3
The stomach is satisfied
• i
duttan-t-é
3 satisfied-f-pf
Is she satisfied?
• i
duttan-am-t-é
3 satisfied-pas-f-pf
Is there satisfaction?
duttan-é
satisfied-pf
duttan-am-é
satisfied-pf
Examples
• i xaxad-é
i xaxat-am-é
somebody swore
• i qah-é
i qah-am-é
• i aff-é
i aff-am-é
something)
he swore
the matter is sworn,
he fled
someone fled
he can not get air
he got no air (by
Impersonal passive <> Middle
• i kee’
i kee’-am-é
i kee’-ad-é
• i yaapaapul-é
* i yaapaal-am-é
i yaapaapul-am-t-é
place
he burbed
something burbed
he burbed for himself
he became abnormal
abnormality has taken
Impersonal passive <> Middle
• i kallaad-é
he lived
i kallaat-ad-é
he lived for himself
*i kallaat-am-é
i kallaat-am-t-é
the life has taken place
(kallaata (f) ‘life’)
Impersonal passive <> Middle
• i jaqq-ad-é
he washed < jaqq- ‘rinse out’
i jaqq-am-é he has been washed by
others, he became free from faults
• i shen-é
he reclined, leaned
• waaka i
shen-am-én
statue.pl 3
recline-pas-pf:p
the wooden statue reclined
Inventory of impersonal passives
• detrimental state
• positive state
• separation or body movement
detrimental state
lose terminal bud, (for grain)
grow old (person); wear out (thing),
kneel; 2. become unsuccessful (with middle)fall behind (in going or working)
commit incest
stop begetting or giving birth (man, woman, animal)
be “spoiled”
become dangerous
be restless
be destroyed, spoiled rained; become spoiled in behavior (with middle)
become poor
go hungry for a particular thing, get an insufficient amount (food or drink)
1. die; 2. be in trouble; impersonal passive for meaning [2]
1. hang down (intr), slope; 2. be uncomfortable because of lying on a slope; impersonal
passive for meaning [2]
1. stutter; 2. not be able to recount what one was told to tell someone; impersonal passive:
‘the words’
1. blow (of wind); 2. cause to have abnormal behaviour1. become ruined (terrace wall); 2.
not have an heir; 3. be sold at a loss (with middle)
1. be squeezed between two things; 2. get insufficient food, feel hunger; 3. be troubled, be
harmed, more than opponent in fight,
swell (in general), “swell” with anger; impersonal passive: ‘become fat’ (neg. sense);be
ruined; go astray; lose one s way; lose belonging,
grow (less, fewer) in number; become poorer (with middle)
positive state
mellow in conduct, become agreeable (person),
control self and not go against rules (with middle)
be strong (but not look strong)
be tender-hearted, want to do the “right thing” (with middle)
do successfully, go higher (with middle)laugh, (be happy) (with middle)
separation or body movement
migrate (with middle)
move (intr.), work, thieve (with middle)
be separate, leave, move away (with middle)
eat to satiation, become satisfied; 2. (intens) leave a wide space between
seeds when planting (with middle),spread (things, people) (intr)
spread, spread out (like creeper or vine or branches) have many
descendants (with middle)
1. go out, emerge (e.g. stick head out of hole); 2. go out for first time after
giving birth (3 months for first child, 2 months oherwise) (with
middle) go out to the field or to the market; 4. (with middle:) produce
the amount you are willing to pay, when bargaining
roll (intr) fall
1. flow (e.g. river); 2. go (snake); 3. disappear quickly (person) (with
middle)flee, run away (with middle)
first person affected
• i
ker-am-t-i
3 old-pas-3f-pf
I became old (it became old on me).
• i
jeer-am-t-i
3 shame-pas-3f-pf
I became ashamed of something
Cognate object
• ahatasí
riirá riir-t-i
wife-dem yelling yell-3f-pf
the wife yelled a yell.
• riira
i
riir-am-i-n
yelling
3
yell-pas-pf-pl
there was yelling.
• aysha
desáa riir-am-t-i
which
side yell-pas-3f-pf
from which was there yelling?
• *aysha
desáa riirá riir-am-i-n
which
side yelling yell-pas-pf-pl
Cognate object
• ahatasí
riirá riir-t-i
wife-dem yelling yell-3f-pf
the wife yelled a yell.
• riira
i
riir-am-i-n
yelling
3
yell-pas-pf-pl
there was yelling.
• aysha
desáa riir-am-t-i
which
side yell-pas-3f-pf
from which was there yelling?
• *aysha
desáa riirá riir-am-i-n
which
side yelling yell-pas-pf-pl
“Impersonal” subject construction
• mataafaa shelfeeta
kara xaay-e-n
book
shelf
on
put-pf-pl
A book is on the shelf. (They've put a book on the shelf).
Conclusion
The Konso construction does not fall into any of the usual categories
of impersonal passives: there is subject marking on the verb, there is
no dummy subject and there is no unspecific pronoun, but there is
passive morphology on the verb. The term impersonal passive is not
completely satisfactory because the construction is not one that
involves an “impersonal subject”. The construction is not different
from the “personal” passive in any sense. The passive is simply not
restricted to transitive verbs in Konso.
Conclusion
The passive in Konso expresses:
(i) there is an agent,
(ii) the identity of the agent is irrelevant,
(iii) there may be an affected participant.
The Konso passive seems to be primarily agent demoting rather than
patient promoting since it allows passives of intransitives.
The passive is a lexical derivation in Konso and not a syntactic rule; it
is a morphological passive and not a (morpho-)syntactic passive. In
this respect it is very different from agent demoting passives of
intransitives in languages such as German and Dutch in which the
passive is a syntactic construction and the passive morphology
primarily serves other functions.