Transcript aa) conditionals – variations of the 4 forms

Unit 10 – Presentation 1
• What are the ‘Moods’ of a verb in Grammar?
A verb’s ‘mood’ is like a person’s. In short, a ‘mood’ is a
form of the verb that shows how the speaker/ writer
feels about what s/he says/ writes.
• How many moods survive in English?
3: the Indicative, the Imperative & the Subjunctive
How is the Indicative formed/ used?
It’s the normal form of the verb tenses and it’s
used to state facts.
e.g. He took over as the department’s head six months ago.
She’s graduating at the end of May.
How is the Imperative used?
It’s used to give orders, commands, instructions,
warnings & advice, or to make requests.
Imperative formation
• Positive: Bare Infinitive (+ accusative pronoun/
object)
• Negative: Do not (don’t) + bare infinitive (for all
verbs, including ‘be’)
• Other Persons – Positive: Let + accusative
pronoun/ object + bare infinitive
• Other Persons – Negative: Do not (Don’t) + let +
acc. pron./ object + bare infinitive
• With prompting JUST & Emphasis (Emphatic
Imperative: with ‘do’ in positive [See Un. 11])
How is the Subjunctive used & where is it
often found?
It’s used for non-fact. It’s often found in
conditions, preferences, wishes, desires,
demands, suggestions, regrets and decisions,
while it can also express surprise, agreement,
insistence and intention.
How is the Subjunctive formed?
In many different ways in English, namely with
the Infinitive & the Gerund (See Un. 8), the
Modal Verbs (the word ‘modal’ is an adjective
derived from ‘mood’) (See Un. 9 & 3.D here) and
the ‘Unreal’ use of certain tenses, which we will
analyse here.
3.A)
a) SIMPLE PAST FORM for PRESENT/ FUTURE
e.g. I wish I knew what to say (but I don’t! →
reference to present time but unreal)
b) PAST CONTINUOUS FORM for PRESENT/
FUTURE
e.g. If you were talking to him instead of me right
now, you’d be able to register his reactions (but
you are not! → reference to present time in
progress but unreal)
3.A)
c) SIMPLE PAST PERFECT FORM for NEAR PAST
e.g. I wish I had found out about this scam sooner
(but I didn’t! → reference to past time but
unreal)
d) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORM for NEAR
PAST
e.g. I wish I had been studying harder while still at
school (but I wasn’t! → reference to unreal past
time, in progress for a certain amount of time)
3.A)
e) CONDITIONAL FUTURE (would + infinitive
forms) for HYPOTHETICAL PAST/ PRESENT/
FUTURE (depending on infinitive form used and/
or time markers)
e.g. You would know about it if Mark was in town
already (but you don’t, so he probably isn’t! →
reference to hypothetical present time)
Notes on the Subjunctive
1) The unreal past of the verb ‘be’ can be ‘were’
for all persons
e.g.” I wish he were here with us.” – “ If I were
you, I’d talk to him about it.”
2) The conditional future – as the indicative future
– can be formed with other modal verbs besides
‘would’ (i.e. could OR might)
e.g. “She might/ could have been arrested if she
had been seen lurking there.”
3.B) SUBJUNCTIVE (UNREAL) TENSE USES
AA) IN CONDITIONALS (See Un. 6)
BB) IN WISHES
CC) IN MANNER CLAUSES (with as if/ though for
non-fact) (See Un. 6)
DD) WITH would rather IN CHANGE-OF-PERSON
CONSTRUCTIONS (See also Un. 8–Bare Infinitive)
EE) IN THE PHRASE: It’s (high/ about) time
(UNREAL PAST TENSES ONLY!)
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
AA) CONDITIONALS
• Introduced by: if, unless, provided/-ing (that),
so long as, on condition (that), in case (that),
suppose/-ing (that)
• 4 Basic Forms:
I) Zero Condition: If + present
present
II) Type 1: If + present
future
III) Type 2: If + past
conditional future
IV) Type 3: If + past perfect
would + perfect
infinitive
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
AA) CONDITIONALS – VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS
a) Type 1 Extension: Any combination of tenses as
long as they are used with their indicative-fact
capacity.
RESTRICTIONS: No future tenses in the ‘if’ clause &
no conditional future in the main clause.
NB. This variation can be extended to zero
condition as well.
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
AA) CONDITIONALS – VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS
b) Mixed Types 2 & 3:
• 2nd-type ‘if’ clause + 3rd-type main clause = if sth
were(n’t) generally true [which is(n’t)], it
would(n’t) have had a certain result in the past
• 3rd-type ‘if’ clause + 2nd-type main clause = if sth
had(n’t) been true in the past [which was(n’t)],
it would(n’t) have a certain result now, i.e.
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
AA) CONDITIONALS – VARIATIONS OF THE 4 FORMS
b) Mixed Types 2 & 3:
e.g. NORMAL TYPE 2:
If I had the money, I wouldn’t beg.
NORMAL TYPE 3:
If I had won that lottery, I would have bought that
flashy sports car.
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
AA) CONDITIONALS–SPECIAL CASES-EMPHATIC FORMS
c) i) With ‘should’ for Type 1 – Emphasis: Inversion
ii) With ‘were/ were to’ for Type 2 - Emphasis:
Inversion
iii) Emphatic Inversion only for Type 3
iv) With ‘but for’ in place of the 2nd or 3rd type ifclause
Notes on Conditionals
1) If, provided/-ing (that), so long as & on
condition (that) have the same structure. Unless
is their opposite, while suppose/ -ing (that)
mainly has a distinctive interrogative main
clause.
The conditional link in case (that) may have the
same constructions as the purpose link (See Un.
6 – Adverb Clauses, case 7) but different
meanings.
2) We only use if in the basic forms to save space.
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
BB) WISHES
• Introduced by: I/ you… wish OR If only sb… &
expressing the desire for things to be different.
• 3 Basic Forms:
- Wish + Unreal Past (present)
- Wish + Unreal Past Perfect (past)
- Wish + would/ could + infinitive (future)
Notes on Wishes
1) would is not used with I & we. Only could.
2) The wish + would (not) form can also be used to
express displeasure, complaint or annoyance.
3) Could + inf. may not always be referring to a
future wish. It might be used as the past tense
of can for ability (See Un. 9). In this case, it
corresponds to wish + past  present reference
OR, if found in the form could + perfect inf., to
wish + perfect  past reference.
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
CC) MANNER CLAUSES
• Introduced by: as if, as though (but are here
used for non-fact).
• 2 Basic Forms:
- sb sounds/ looks/ acts/ … as if OR as though
sb + past tenses  unreal statement about the
present/ future
- sb sounds/ looks/ acts/ … as if OR as though
sb + past perfect tenses  unreal statement
about the past
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
DD) DEFECTIVE STRUCTURES ‘WOULD RATHER’/
‘HAD BETTER’
SAME PERSON
I/You… had better/ would rather
+ bare infinitive (present/ future)
I/You… had better/ would rather
+ perfect infinitive (past)
PERSON CHANGE (would rather only)
I/You… would rather sb else
+ unreal past (present/ future)
I/You… would rather sb else
+ unreal past perfect (past)
3.C) STANDARD-CONSTRUCTIONS FORM ANALYSIS
EE) PHRASE: ‘IT’S TIME’
1 Basic Form:
It’s time + sb + (unreal) past tenses 
present/ future
-This construction is only possible with the unreal
past tenses, NOT the unreal past perfect ones, even
when the phrase was said in the past.
-Its emphatic alternatives: it’s high time/ it’s
about time are mostly spoken and informal and
show impatience, irritation or relief.
3.D)THE SUBJUNCTIVE USE OF ‘SHOULD’
• We know that ‘should’ can commonly be used in
formal ‘that’-clauses to replace an infinitive or
gerund, in both change-of-person and same-person
constructions.
• FORM: Verb/Expression of demand/ opinion/
suggestion/ etc + (that) + sb + (should) + inf.