Transcript Grammatical Categories

Grammatical Categories
Determiners (D)
(1) The Determiner-Adjective Rule
A Determiner points to the noun it goes
with and who it belongs to;
An Adjective gives background information
about the noun.
D has an N connected and points
Pre-D
D
Adj
____________________________
quantifier
all, both
some, many,
many, few
half
all, few(er),
any, much, no,
every, less, etc.
article
the, a
demonstrative
that, this,
those, these
possessive
my, etc., NP's
interrogative
whose, what,
which, etc.
numeral
one, two, etc.
one, two, etc.
AUX helps other verbs
(1) I am reading the book in my hand.
(2) I have worked here for 15 years.
(3) That reindeer may be working too hard.
(4) *I must a book.
Not AUX
(5) I have a book
(6) I am a student
Modal auxiliaries
List of AUXs
Have
Be
(get)
Ought to
Need
dare
will, would
can, could
shall, should
may, might, must
C: coordinator and complementizer
C and other uses:
after
After she left, it rained.
as
Fair as the moon is, it…
Because Because she left, …
before Before it snowed, it rained.
for
I expect for you to do that.
if
If she wins, that will be great
so
He was tired, so he went to sleep
that
I know that the earth is round.
when I wonder when it will happen.
while She played soccer, while he slept
preposition
degree adverb
-preposition
preposition
-adverb
D
adverb
noun
after him
as nice
before me
for Santa
so tired
that book
He left when?
A short while
The PrepositionComplementizer-Adverb Rule
(1) A Preposition introduces a noun
(e.g. about the book);
a Complementizer introduces a sentence
(e.g. because he left); and
an Adverb is on its own
(e.g. She went out; and
Unfortunately, she left).
All categories together
Lexical
N
V
Adj
Adv
cloud, sun, love, kitchen, house
know, see, paint, swim
good, nice, friendly
actually, now, there, sometimes,
where
P
to, from, on, in front of
Grammatical D the, that, my, one, whose
AUX may, have, be
C
and, that, because
Pronouns Pron I, yourself, who, mine, someone
Find the D, AUX, and C
MUnicycling is the act of riding a one-wheel
bike off road. It is also known as Rough
Terrain or All Terrain Unicycling and, in the
past decade, has become the hottest trend
around in the unicycling community. Off road
terrain is, of course, uneven and mountains
have gradients, rocks and other obstacles to
get in the way of the intrepid unicyclist.
Pronouns
• Personal:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
and me, him, her, us, them
• Reflexive:
myself, yourself, …
• Interrogative:who, whom, …
• Possessive: mine
Pronoun vs D
• Pronoun is on its own; D goes with N
• What to do:
(1)
What would be solved if all chose two?
New words (from Merr-W)
• bubble noun . . . . 5 : a state of booming economic
activity (as in a stock market) that often ends in a sudden
collapse dead-cat bounce noun [from the facetious
notion that even a dead cat would bounce slightly if
dropped from a sufficient height] (1985) : a brief and
insignificant recovery (as of stock prices) after a steep
decline
• golden handcuffs noun plural (1976) : special benefits
offered to an employee as an inducement to continue
service
• headhunt . . . . transitive verb (1969) : to recruit
(personnel and especially executives) for top-level jobs
<was headhunted by three different firms>
intransitive verb : to recruit personnel for top-level jobs
• avatar noun . . . . 4 : an electronic image that represents
and is manipulated by a computer user (as in a computer
game or an online shopping site)
• convergence . . . . noun . . . . 4 : the merging of distinct
technologies, industries, or devices into a unified whole
• dot-commer . . . . noun (1997) : a person who owns or
works for a dot-com
• killer app noun (1988) : a computer application of such
great value or popularity that it assures the success of
the technology with which it is associated; broadly : a
feature or component that in itself makes something
worth having
• lurk . . . . intransitive verb . . . . 3 : to read messages on
an Internet discussion forum (as a newsgroup or a chat
room) without contributing information (as addresses,
schedules, and notes)
• anandamide . . . . noun [Sanskrit ānanda joy, bliss +
English amide] (1992) : a derivative of arachidonic acid
that occurs naturally in the brain and in some foods (as
chocolate) and that binds to the same brain receptors as
the cannabinoids (as THC)
• barista . . . . noun [Italian, person working behind a bar,
from bar bar (from English) + -ista 1-ist] (1982) : a
person who makes and serves coffee (as espresso) to
the public
• Frankenfood . . . . noun [Franken- (as in Frankenstein)
+ food] (1992) : genetically engineered food
• longneck . . . . noun (1978) : beer served in a bottle that
has a long neck
• wheatgrass . . . . noun (1668) : any of a genus
(Agropyron) of perennial grasses including some which
are important pasture, hay, or turf grasses [NB: dropped
from C8 and added for C11]
Conclusion
• Lexical and grammatical categories
– N, V, Adj, Adv, P
– D, AUX, C
– Pronouns
– D vs pronoun?
– Adv vs P?
– C vs P?
For fun
• http://textalyser.net/
and
I lately lost a preposition
It hid, I thought, beneath my chair
And angrily I cried, `perdition!
Up from out of in under there.”
Correctness is my vade mecum,
And straggling phrases I abhor,
And yet I wondered, “What should he come
Up from out of in for?” (Morris Bishop)
Carl Sandburg