Transcript Sentences - City Lit

Sentences
Pam Clark
City Lit
Adapted from Discover Grammar by David Crystal
To describe the way sentences
of a language are constructed.
To organise our thoughts so that they
make sense, to ourselves and to others,
in speech and writing.
What is a sentence?
• A unit of language that makes sense.
– It must follow the rules of grammar.
– It must be complete.
• Able to stand alone.
• feel finished – give full information.
– It needs a capital letter and a full stop,
question mark or exclamation mark.
Are these sentences?
The fast ferry is bigger than the slow ferry.
the fast ferry
so
bigger than
because Mary said
can be done
I believe the job can be done because Mary said so.
Grammar? What for?
The words in a sentence can only be in certain patterns.
The patterns are controlled by grammar.
Grammar controls:
• The order that words can appear in.
• The endings of some words.
What’s wrong with these
sentences?
We might didn’t not of gone
The a car saw man.
The clocks is be ready.
What and why did she go?
Sentences can be short or long.
One word or hundreds of words! Sorry!
Try activities A, B and C.
Making sentences
Most sentences are regular. They can be broken
down into a limited pattern of elements (parts).
My friend
has dropped
a book
on her big toe.
I
gave
the keys
to Luke
Jemima
went
to town
yesterday.
Each of the sentences in the table is a clause.
Clauses are made up of elements.
Simple and multiple
sentences
How are these two sentences different?
A book fell on John’s toe.
A book fell on John’s toe and a book fell on Janet’s toe.
clause
?
Try activities D, E and F
joining
? word
clause
?
Simple sentence
Multiple sentence
clause
Clause + linking word + clause
Try activities G, H and I
What’s in a clause?
The teacher / called / Jill / a genius / twice.
Verb
Subject
What the clause is
going to be about.
She
/
Object
The most
Who or what
important element has been
in a clause.
directly
Shows actions,
affected by
sensations, states the verb’s
of being.
action.
called
/
her /
Complement
Extra
information
about the
subject or
object.
it
Adverbial
Extra
information
about the
situation:
when, where,
how.
/
twice.
The teacher / was calling / my sister / a genius / last week.
How do clauses make sentences?
Try activities J and K
The five clause elements are combined to make simple sentences.
Grammar only allows for a small number of clause combinations to
be allowed.
S + V
Hilary / yawned.
S + V + O
Hilary / opened / the door.
S + V + C
Hilary / was / ready.
S + V + A
Hilary / lived / in London.
S + V + O + O
Hilary / gave / me / a pen.
S + V + O + C
Hilary / got / my shoes / wet.
S + V + O + A
Hilary / put / the box / on the table.
What have we learned?
• A sentence must be complete.
• A sentence must have a subject and a
verb.
• A simple sentence is made up of one
clause.
• Clauses are made up of elements. Each
element must be in the right order so
that the clause is grammatical.
To make longer, complex sentences, we combine two or more clauses.