Transcript Forming the present tense

The present tense
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The meaning
The formation 1
The formation 2
Conjugations
Irregulars
Present vs. perfect
Look to the principle part!
Exempla
Cautions
The present tense use
The present tense is translated:
-he _________s
-he is ________ ing
-he used to_________
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The Present tense is formed by
using the 1st and 2nd principle parts
of the verb
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Porto, portāre, portāvī, portātus
Doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus
Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus
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Then what?
The endings give the directions
If the 1st two forms show
-ō, -āre, the present ending is –at
porto, portāre: portat
-eō, -ēre is –et
doceō, docēre: docet
-o, -ēre is –it
mittō, mittere: mittit
-iō, -īre is also –it audio, audīre: audit
A few important verbs use –iō, -ere, but they show –it as well:
rapio, rapere: rapit
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Conjugations
These distinctions among verb types are
known as conjugations, and are numbered
1st: Porto, portāre, portāvī, portātus
2nd: Doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus
3rd: Mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
4th: Audio, audīre, audīvī, audītus
(3rd –iō) rapio, rapere, rapuī, raptus
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What about irregulars?
Irregular presents
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Fero, ferre, tulī, lātus
Eo, īre, īvī, ītus
Possum, posse, potuī
Volo, velle, voluī
Sum esse, fuī
Fiō, fierī, factus sum
fert
it
potest
vult
est
fit
These irregulars compounds follow the same rules:
refert, exit, adest, mavult, profit
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Present vs. perfect
the –it dilemma
The challenge in learning the present
endings is that now the ending –it has
two jobs. In some situations -it
expresses the present and in other
situations the perfect tense.
How do you tell?
Look to the principle part!
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The principle part is the answer
• When a verb ends in –it, the question is “to
which principle part is the –it added?”
• To the first?—then the verb is present
• To the third?--then it is perfect
pono, ponere, posui, positus
ponit = present
posuit = perfect
mitto, mittere, misi, missus
mittit = present, misit = perfect
Further exempla
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Exempla of present and perfect
forms in -it
Currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus
curr
+it present
he runs
cucurri +t
perfect
he ran
Accedō, accedere, accessī, accessūrus
acced
+it present
it approaches
accessi +t
perfect
it approached
Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus
aud
+it present
she hears
audivi
+t
perfect
she hears
Index
cautions
Cautions
Some verbs only distinguish tenses by
means of a long vowel:
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus
invenit = he finds
invēnit = he found
A very few verbs show no difference in form:
bibō, bibere, bibī, bibitus
bibit = she drinks or she drank
(cf. she put it down today, he put down in yesterday)
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