Transcript Derivational Affixes and Inflectional Affixes

word
The word is the minimum free form
(Bloomfield 1933:37).A word can possess a
certain degree of autonomy:it can be
preceded and followed by a pause; it can
bear stress; and it is fairly unselective with
regard to adjacent elements; it can move
independently of its host;under appropriate
conditions words can be moved around in a
sentence.
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exceedingly: adv. to an unusual degree
非常地，极度地
前缀
ex-: out; beyond (向外，超出)
Family members:
export 出口, 输出
expose 展开, 揭露
exit
出口
exhale 呼气
exclude 排外，排斥
excavate 挖出，发掘
expel 赶出，逐走
extract 抽出，拔出
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词根
ceed, cede, cess: go; move forward (走)
Family members
exceed v. 超过, 越过
proceed v. 前进, 进行
excess n. 过度, 过分
excessive adj. 过多的,
过分的
excessively adv.
过分地，非常地
procedure n. 步骤, 手续
process n. 过程
procession n. 行进的行
列, 队伍
succeed v. 继承，接续
simplify: vt. make sth. easy to do or
understand; make simple 使易懂；简化
Family members:
simple + -fy
simplify 简化
pure + -fy
purify 净化
solid + -fy
solidify加固
beauty + -fy
beautify 美化
clear + -fy
clarify 使明确
V. Exercises—Word Building
Back
Look at the following nouns and choose from them
to fill in the blanks of the sentences that follow.
excellent
-t
brilliant
-t
competent - t
consequent - t
ignorant
-t
indifferent - t
intelligent - t
magnificent - t
significant - t
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+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
+ ce
excellence
brilliance
competence
consequence
ignorance
indifference
intelligence
magnificence
significance
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V. Exercises—Word Building
Back
1. Examinations are not necessarily the best
way to measure intelligence/competence
___________________.
2. The power station was shown to be
dangerous and, as a consequence
___________, was
closed down.
significance
3. This discovery was of great __________,
but few people realized that.
4. In the “I to you” approach, the workers
were in complete _________
ignorance of the
management’s plans.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
Back
5. I don’t like the department chairman’s
___________
indifference to the teachers who are not
in his favor.
excellence of your
6. I hear on all sides of the _________
establishment.
7. The sun has both _________
brilliance and heat.
8. There is calm and joy, too, when the mind
magnificence and beauty
can focus on the ____________
of nature.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
Back
Look at the following words that come from word
building and choose from them to fill in the blanks.
Remember to change the form where necessary.
cococococo-
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+
+
+
+
+
director
operate
author
exist
pilot
co-director
cooperate
co-author
coexist
copilot
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V. Exercises—Word Building
Back
coexists with war.
1. We must be aware that peace _______
2. He was the __________ of that film which was
half criticized
and half praised.
co-director
3. The couple spoke about how they would
_________ in the raising of their child.
4. cooperate
The pilot was seriously injured and the ______
copilot
took over.
5. He is the _________, with Andrew Blowers, of
The International
Politics of Nuclear Waste.
co-author
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Text B: Comprehension Guide & Language Points
gratitude: n. the feeling of being grateful
or thankful 感激，感谢
-itude：表示抽象名词的后缀
altitude 高度
multitude 众多
aptitude 才能
solitude 孤独
fortitude 刚毅
plentitude充分
latitude 纬度
longitude 经度
attitude 态度
decrepitude 衰老
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Category
the
determiner (Det.)
boy
noun (n.)
often
qualifier
plays
verb (v.)
a
Det.
very
degree word (Deg)
small
modifier
boy
n.
must, should…
auxiliary (Aux.)
and, but, or…
conjunction (Con.)
Morphemes
• The morpheme is the minimum or smallest
grammatical unit, also the smallest
meaningful element of speech.Morphemes
fall into two categories: free morphemes and
bound morphemes.
• A free morpheme has a complete meaning
and can stand by itself as a simple word. It
can sometimes act as a complete utterance in
connected speech.
• Bound morphemes are mostly affixes.
basic concepts
morpheme: the minimal lexical or grammatical unit
e.g. care, -ful, re-, -ness
allomorph: one morpheme may have several
pronunciations or phonological forms.
Each is an allomorph of the same
morpheme, e.g. cats [ts],dogs[z],
watches [iz]
root:
the part of the word left when all the affixes
have been removed, care in careful
• affix: a morpheme which is added to a word, and
which changes the meaning or function of the
word,e.g. un-, -s, -ed, -ful
• stem: the part of the word to which affixes of any
kind can be added, e.g. care, careless, in
carelessness
• derivational morpheme: affixes added to a word
to create a new word,e.g. –ness
• inflectional morpheme:affixes attached to the
end of a word to indicate grammatical
relationships, e.g. -ed, -ing
Affixes
• Affixes are meaningful, but the meaning
is not complete in itself unless it is
attaches to some other form .It can
change the semantic content and /or the
syntactic function of a word, but cannot
stand alone .inedible counteract, pseudoscience or enslave,refusal,happiness
• the ,a word or an affix? In spite of some
affix-like properties,it is best considered a
word.
Allomorphs
• Allomorph---the same morpheme in
different contexts may take different
phonological forms.inactive, immature,
irregular,illegal
• Allophone cats ,dogs; fast,
breakfast;head, forehead; day, Monday
Derivational Affixes and
Inflectional Affixes
Derivational affixes are used to create new
words, while inflectional affixes change the
form of a word according to its syntactic role
in a sentence. E.g. The verb-forming –ize in
characterize (>character) , and the negativeforming un-of untidy. diversity ,nationalism,
simplify, burdensome, foolish, humorous
free ~:may form a word by itself
---free root
Morpheme
bound ~: must appear with at least one
other morpheme
bound root
derivational
affix
inflectional
2. subclassification of words
open-class words: the membership is infinite,e.g.n.,v.
closed-class words: the membership is fixed,e.g. prep
grammatical: whose role is largely grammatical,e.g.
this, the , when
lexical words: carries the semantic content, e.g. book,
run
variable: grammatically different word forms
arise,e.g. look--looks, looked, looking
invariable words: no grammatically different
forms,e.g. since,in, hello
Charade
• There is a word of seven letters, take away five, a male
remains,take away four, a female, take away three,
you will have a brave man, while the whole is a brave
woman.
• Answer :heroine
• My first means equality; My second inferiority,And
my whole superiority
• Answer: Matchless(match, less, matchless)
• A notice : Professor Blackie will meet his classes
tomorrow.
• Professor Blackie will meet his lasses tomorrow.
• Professor Blackie will meet his asses tomorrow.
(decapitation)
3. compounds:
a word which is composed of two or more
roots
Features:
* When the two words are in the same grammatical
category, the compound will be in this category, e.g.
n.+n.= n. landlady
* When the two words are in different categories, the
class of the second or final word will be the category
of the compound,e.g. adj. +n. =n. gentleman.
* Compounds often have different stress patterns from
noncompounded word sequences, e.g.`hotdog, hot dog
* the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the
meanings of its parts, e.g. `redneck
red neck
Content Words
They,sometimes also called “lexical words”
belong to the major parts of speech: nouns,
verbs, and adjectives, etc. These categories
are said to be “open categories” in the sense
that they each have a large number of
members and languages readily add new
members to these categories through
borrowing from other languages borrowed
or loan words or invention or coining of
new words.
Coining New Words
• Compounds are the combination of two
independent words, i.e. free morphemes,
like guesthouse (<guest+house), while
affixation a bound morpheme is added to a
base, as a prefix(e.g.un.like) or
suffix(like.ness)
Word Coinage Patterns
• Conversion (or ‘zero derivation’), change of word
class without addition of a formal suffix, as from
verb to noun .
• Clipping syllables are cut off from a word. As in
pub<public house, bike< bicycle.
• Blends are formed from parts of existing words.
Such as brunch (<breakfast+ lunch)
• Acronyms i.e. full words formed from the initial
letters of other words, such as radar(radio detecting
and ranging AIDS, IBM
Function words
They are called“grammatical words” or
“closed categories”, resistant to borrowing
or inventing anew. Such categories as
determiners (e.g. the , a\n, this, that
these\those,sometimes
also
called
“articles” ), pronouns, and prepositions,
and quantifiers (e.g. “some”, “many” ) are
function word categories. Function words
show how the content words in a phrase,
or sentence relate to each other, or how
pieces of information fit into an ongoing communication.
Six Major Types of Cohesive Devices
The Federal Government expected Indian Nations to sign
treaties.
However, though
=6
Conjunctions and conjunction- like links
most of
=2 Quantifiers and Determiners
them
=1 Pronouns
had in fact
=6
done so ,
=3 Substitution
the
=2 Determiner
Seminoles
=5 Lexical cohesion semantically related
would not ____.
=4 Ellipsis
( Halliday and Hasan1976,1989)
Sentence Arrangement
1.About one month later Bill was alone
Conversations
thinking about his friend Joe.
2 Joe said :“I have some good news and bad news for you.”
3 One day Joe died and went to heaven.
4 “The bad news is that you are pitching next Friday night.”
5.“Well ,”said Joe, “The good news is that there is baseball
in heaven.”
6. Bill felt a tap on his shoulder and realized that it was Joe.
7 Joe and Bill liked baseball.
8. In fact, they agreed that whichever one died first would
return to earth to tell to each other whether there is
baseball in heaven.
9 Bill was happy; he asked ‘Tell me , Joe, is there baseball
in heaven?”
Check-up
•
7,8,3,1,6,9,2,5,4
Classes/Parts of Speech
• maximum homogeneity within the class’(Gleason
1965:130)
• Noun : a word or group of words that refers to a person,
place or a thing or any syntactically similar word (Collins
English Dictionary)
• Teacher ,table ;sky, doorway: red, height, happiness; have
a swim or his arrival> representatives (prototype) to
peripheral
• on pure semantic grounds, we would have to recognize a
gradience of nounhood.
• Three properties as criteria: Phonological,morphological,
distributional
characteristics
Phonological
suspect (n.) vs suspect(v.)
blackboard , black board
Morphological
modern/modernize;hair/hairy;
able/enable;study,studied as a verb’s tensemarker.Nouns’singular or plural forms such as
book vs book ox vs oxen etc.
Distributional
Typically, certain slots in a
syntactic construction are reserved for words of
a particular form.
Verb Classes
In terms of verb construction
Main Verb
Auxiliary( Primary Auxiliary,
Modal
Auxiliary,
Semi-auxiliary)
In terms of complementation
linking verbs
intransitive verbs
mono-transitive verbs
di-transitive verbs
In terms of semantics
Dynamic verbs
Static verbs
Make
• God made the country, and man made the
town.
• Mother made me a new suit.
• She made herself a new dress.
• I’ll make you some tea.
• I made it a rule(Object complement) to take a nap after
lunch every day.
• He made her happy.
• She made him a good husband because she
made him a good wife.
Verbs followed by an infinitive or
a noun or both?
• A travel agency announced not to accept any more
bookings for tourist travel to China.(?)
• A travel agency announced that it would not
accept any more bookings for tourist travel to
China.
• A travel agency announced its decision not to
accept any more bookings for tourist travel to
China.
• It had been decided,a travel agency announced,
not to accept any more bookings for tourist travel
to China.
Some Unshared Verbs’properties
1. Not all transitive verbs undergo agentive nominalization
(a) John is one who imports rugs .John is an importer of rugs.
(b) John was one who knew the fact. ＊John was the knower of the
fact.
2. Not all verbs undergo able-substitution:
• (a) His handwriting can be read. His handwriting is readable.
• (b) The lighthouse can be spotted.
• ＊ The lighthouse is spottable.
3 Not all transitive sentences of the form NP V NP undergo
passivization.
(a) John kicked the ball.
The ball was kicked by John.
(b) John owes two dollars.
＊Two dollars are owed by john.
Millions of dollars are currently owed by third-world governments
McCawley’s Comparison
• Parts of speech are much more like biological
species than has generally been recognized. Within
any part of speech, or any biological species, there is
considerable diversity. Parts of speech can be
distinguished from one another, just as biological
species can be distinguished from one another, in
terms of characteristics that are typical for the
members of that part of speech (or species), even
though none of those properties need be instantiated
by all members of the parts speech(or ,pieces).
( McCawley1986:12)
China Uncovers Defalcation of Poverty Relief Funds
BEIJING, August 8 (Xinhuanet) -- The Ministry of Finance Wednesday
made public the names of local government departments and
officials who are involved in three cases of defalcation of poverty
relief funds.
The ministry said in a news release that the offenders will be dealt with
according to law and disciplined according to government rules. All
the diverted funds will be retrieved.
The provincial office of poverty alleviation and development in Gansu
Province, northwest China, diverted 27.5 million yuan in poverty
relief funds to build office and apartment buildings, and buy cars.
The provincial office of poverty alleviation and development in Shaanxi
Province, also in northwest China, diverted 10.9 million yuan in
poverty relief funds to pay for office expenses and facilities.
Wang Xiaohong, director of the office of poverty alleviation and
development in Yunlian County of Sichuan Province, southwest
China, defalcated 1.7 million yuan worth of poverty relief funds in
1997-2000,
accounting for nearly two-thirds the relief funds that the central
government had given to the county. She misused the
government money by purchasing properties, giving bonuses
to office staff, and paying for dinners and business trips.
The Ministry of Finance has asked authorities concerned to deal
with Wang according to law because she also tried to cover up
her offenses through illegal ways.
The ministry discovered these cases in a February-April
inspection of the distribution, management and use of poverty
relief funds by local governments in eight provinces and
autonomous regions.
The central government gives some 25.3 billion yuan worth of
poverty relief funds to local governments every year.
In order to stamp out misuse of poverty relief funds, the ministry
will set up a fund management system at the provincial level,
and put the funds directly into the accounts of local units that
undertake poverty relief projects.
It will also enhance supervision of accounting and step up
scrutiny of the efficiency of using poverty relief funds.
Assignment