Transcript GRAMMAR STUDY-3 - Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

GRAMMAR STUDY-3
PREPARED BY;
KARTIKA NOEZ
7/20/2015
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SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS
• It is common in English sentences that they do not follow
the standard word order ( S+V(+O and/or C). In certain
situations, inverted subject-verb word order is used. That
is, the subject of a sentence is placed after the first
helping verb or after BE. If there is no verb BE or if there
is no helping verb, the helping verb DO is added as the
first verb of the sentence. This inverted subject-verb
word order is most common in direct questions, but it is
also common in other situations.
1. After special expressions of location:
On the beach
were five beach umbrellas
Expression of location
Nowhere
Exp. Of location
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did
1st V
V
S
he see her
S
2
Cont’d
2. After Special negative (no, not, and never) and almost
negative (hardly, rarely, scarcely, not only, at no time,
barely, only, seldom, etc.) expressions:
Never
had I seen such a glorious sight.
Negative
1st V
S
Only after he saw her
did
he understand*
1st V
Almost negative
S
* NOTE: When the negative or almost negative expression is part of a subordinate clause, the subject
and verb of the subordinate clause are not inverted. The subject and the verb of the main clause
are inverted.
3. After the special expressions so and neither
So happy
was she
V
that she danced around the room.
S
I didn’t like the coffee, and neither did Mike.
V
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S
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Cont’d
4. In conditional sentences that do not begin with if
With If
: If he had seen you, he would have greeted you.
S
Without If
: Had he seen you, he would have greeted you.
1st V
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V
S
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SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
• S/V agreement with PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
S
(prep. Phrase)
V
The subject of the lectures was quite interesting
The chairs under the table in the dining room are quite
comfortable
• Agreement After Expressions of Quantity
all
most
some
OF THE (OBJECT)
V
half
part
When an expression of quantity using of is the subject, the verb
agrees with the object.
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SPECIAL S-V AGREEMENT RULES
a.
Some pronouns take singular verbs even though the
pronouns may seem plural in meaning. These
pronouns include:
anybody
anyone
anything
nobody
no one
nothing
somebody
someone
something
everybody
everyone
everything
each
either
neither
Everybody likes the pie.
b.
When subjects are joined by either/or, neither/nor, or
not only/but also, the verb agrees with the closer
subject.
Not only the teacher but also the students are going to the conference.
c.
When subjects are joined by and or by both/and, they
take a plural verb.
Both Anne and Fred are coming tonight
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Cont’d
d.
None, all, some, any, most, majority, and other similar
expressions can take either a singular or plural verb
depending on the noun that comes after them.
None of the sugar was eaten
None of the students were pleased
e.
A number of requires a plural verb. The number of
requires a singular verb.
A number of my friends were here last night.
The number of classes has been reduced.
f.
In the sentences beginning with there or here, the verb
agrees with the real subject, which comes after the
verb
Here are the pictures you wanted
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Cont’d
g. A pair of, a flock of, a herd of, and other expressions
indicating groups of things or animals take singular verbs
even though nouns used with them will be plural.
A pair of swans mates for life.
h. Some nouns which look plural are really singular and
take singular verbs. These words include:
news, politics, and some other abstract nouns
mathematics, physics, linguistics, and any other academic subjects that end
in –s
Linguistics is his major.
i. Expressions showing quantities of time, money, weight,
and volume look plural but take singular verbs.
Three days is enough time to finish this project
Five dollars is too much to pay for this notebook.
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Cont’d
j. Some nouns which look singular are really plural and
take plural verbs. These nouns include those for which
the singular and the plural form are the same. Some of
these nouns are:
fish
deer
Plural
: The magazine series are all located in the reference section
of the library
: This television series is a popular one.
Singular
species
series
j. Nouns which refer to a country or a nationality can be
singular or plural. When one of these words refers to a
language, it is singular. When one of these words refers
to the people of a country, it is plural.
French is a difficult language
The French are interesting people
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A. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE
CONJUNCTIONS
• (same structure)
and
but
or
(same structure)
B. PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED
CONJUNCTIONS
both
either
neither
not only
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and
(same structure) or
(same structure)
nor
but also
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DEGREES OF COMPARISONS: SOME
IRREGULAR FORMS
• ADJECTIVES
good
bad
much/
many
little
far
__
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• ADVERBS
better
worse
best
worst
more
less
farther
further
most
least
farthest
furthest
well
better
best
badly
much
little
far
__
worse
more
less
farther
further
worst
most
least
farthest
furthest
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