Transcript صرف - ShariahProgram

‫صرف‬
‫الدرس االول‬
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‫علم الصرف‬
‫ صرف‬is the science of Classical Arabic that deals with:
1. Patterns of Vowellization ( ُ ُ ِ ) which
convey
the tense and voice of verbs,
and
2. Suffixes which reflect aspects of the subject
(gender, plurality, and person)
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Background
In Arabic, 3-letter groups of consonants have an
associated “root” meaning:
“writing”
“helping”
=‫ب‬+‫ت‬+‫ك‬
=‫ر‬+‫ص‬+‫ن‬
But, consonants without vowels cannot be
pronounced, and in Arabic, these vowels also carry a
meaning, a non-word meaning.
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Conveying Meaning
In addition to the root, there are several nonword meanings that are conveyed via vowels,
non-base letters, prefixes, suffixes etc. (tense,
voice, added connotations, and much more)
In order to get a grasp on these non-word
meanings, heavy emphasis is placed on
mastering the essentials of Arabic Morphology
in classical teaching methodologies.
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The Arabic Alphabet
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In the Arabic language we have 29 letters and
they are all consonants.
‫ابتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغفقكلمنه وي‬
‫ء‬
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The short vowels are not considered separate
letters and therefore are not part of the
alphabet.
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Short Vowels ‫حركات‬
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‫ ض َّمة‬: ِ - corresponds to a short ‘o’ or ‘u’ in English.
A letter that has a ‫ ض َّمة‬over it is said to be ‫مضموم‬
‫ فتحة‬: َ - corresponds to a short ‘a’ in English. A
letter that has a ‫ فتحة‬over it is said to be ‫مفتوح‬
‫ كسرة‬: ِ - corresponds to a short ‘e’ or ‘i’ in English.
A letter that has a ‫ كسرة‬under it is said to be ‫مكسور‬
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Absence of Vowels and Duplication
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The absence of vowel is called ‫) ِ ( سكون‬. If a
letter is ‫( ساكن‬i.e. has a ‫ سكون‬on it), this would
mean it is the final consonant in a syllable.
Pronouncing of the letter twice, first with a
‘‫’سكون‬, and then with a ‫حركه‬, is called ‫ تَشدِيد‬or ‫َش ّده‬
, and the letter is said to be ‫( م َش ّدد‬e.g. the ‫ ب‬in
‫ تَبَّت‬is ‫) م َشدَّد‬.
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Aspects of Subject
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In all languages, verbs are conjugated to reflect
three aspects of their subjects:
Gender — Masculine or Feminine
Plurality — Singular, Dual (unlike English,
Arabic also has separate forms to indicate on
two of something) and Plural (3 or more), and
Person — Third person, Second person and
First person.
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Conjugation Tables
A great portion of Arabic Morphology is devoted to
memorizing the tables that result from
MULTIPLYING the three aspects mentioned above
(i.e. gender, plurality, and person).
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3rd Person Conjugation Layout
Person
Gender
Masculine
Plurality
English Equivalent
#
Singular
He
1
Dual (2)
They (M2)
2
Plural (>2)
They (M>2)
3
Singular
She
4
Dual (2)
They (F2)
5
Plural (>2)
They (F>2)
6
3rd
Feminine
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2nd Person Conjugation Layout
Person
Gender
Masculine
Plurality
English Equivalent
#
Singular
You (M)
7
Dual (2)
You (M2)
8
Plural (>2)
You (M>2)
9
Singular
You (F)
10
Dual (2)
You (F2)
11
Plural (>2)
You (F>2)
12
2nd
Feminine
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1st Person Conjugation Layout
Person
Gender
Masculine
Plurality
English Equivalent
#
Singular
I (M/F)
13
Dual (2)
We (M/F≥2)
14
Plural (>2)
We
15
Singular
I
16
Dual (2)
We
17
Plural (>2)
We
18
1st
Feminine
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Table of 14 Conjugations
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Due to the fact that
EVERY subject will need
a gender, plurality AND
a person, we look at the
total combinations that
result from multiplying
the above. It comes to
18, six for each of the
third, second and first
persons.
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In the first person,
separate dual and
feminine forms do not
exist. This will reduce the
number in the first
person group from six to
just two: #13 ‘I’ (male or
female) and #14 ‘We’
(males or females; two or
more than two)
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Active vs. Passive Voice
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For all actions that require objects (transitive verbs), the
verb can either be active or passive.
Active is when the action of the verb is directed at the
subject which is also mentioned e.g. he helped.
Passive voice is for the verb whose action is directed
towards the object, and the subject is missing e.g. he
was helped.
In Sarf, there are separate gardaans for each of the
active and passive voices, 14 conjugations per gardaan.
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Model Base-letters
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For simplification purposes, in order to isolate
the pattern meanings (subject matter of Sarf)
from the meaning coming from the base letters
(which are found in dictionaries; not directly a
concern of Sarf), the scholars of Sarf have used
the most basic base letters in terms of meaning
as models for all of the patterns to be discussed
through out the science. The three ‘model’
letters are ‫ ف‬, ‫ ع‬, and ‫ ل‬.
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