Transcript Translation(3)Lecture[3]

Translation(3)
Lecture[3]
STYLE OF FRONTING & STYLE OF PARALLELISM
Eman Baghlaf
Style of Fronting
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Fronting or foregrounding:
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It means to move a word, a phrase or a clause from its original place in the middle or at
the end of a sentence to the beginning (or the front position) of that sentence.
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This can be understood by recognizing the normal word in English language.
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For example, a declarative sentence has the following normal order:
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Subject -Verb-Object/ Complement, when a sentence starts with an object, this object is
fronted.
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E.g.: “Allah she worshiped”, instead of : “She worshiped Allah”. Likewise, a
complement is usually positioned after the verb:
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E.g. : “in my room he slept”, instead of : “ he slept in my room”.
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As to clauses, the normal clause order in English is the main clause, first,
then subordinate clause.
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When the subordinate clause is placed before the main clause, it is
fronted.
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For example,
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As he had been caught red-handed, the criminal was sentenced to death.
Subordinate clause
Main clause
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The reasons for using fronting :
 Emphasis
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Allah she worshiped ‫هللا عبدت‬
She worshiped Allah ‫عبدت هللا‬
In my room he slept ‫في غرفتي نام‬
He slept in my room ‫نام في غرفتي‬
Both the glorified “‫”هللا‬and “ ‫ ”غرفتي‬are not in their normal positions in Arabic,
yet they have to be in such a position to reflect the same function of emphasis
and surprise aimed at in the English original.
 Cause
and effect
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The subordinate clause is fronted because it includes the cause of the
criminal’s sentencing to death. That’s, the sentence has the relation of cause
and effect.
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Cause: catching the criminal red-handed
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Effect: sentencing him to death
 The
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conditional clause
The second clause is conditioned by the first. This is a good reason for
fronting the latter, despite being subordinate. In Arabic, this order should
be retained to convey the same condition.
If you apologize, I will forgive you
‫فسوف أسامحك‬، ‫إذا اعتذرت‬
‫‪Fronting is used not only at the sentence level, but also at the text level.‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪For example,‬‬
‫•‬
‫‪Round a centrally –placed coffee-table there are three armchairs . To the left of‬‬
‫‪the fireplace is alcove with built- in bookshelves. To the right, a table carrying a‬‬
‫‪television set. Against the wall facing the fireplace stands an upright piano.‬‬
‫حول طاولة صغيرة متمركزة في الوسط‪ ،‬يوجد ثالثة كراسي‪ .‬إلى الجهة اليسرى من الموقد فجوة فيها رفوف‬
‫كتب‪ .‬إلى الجهة اليمنى طاولة عليها جهاز تلفاز ‪ .‬على الحائط مقابل الموقد ينتصب بيانو عمودي‪.‬‬
‫يوجد ثالثة كراسي حول طاولة صغيرة متمركزة في الوسط‪ .‬فجوة فيها رفوف كتب إلى الجهة اليسرى من‬
‫الموقد‪ .‬طاولة عليها جهاز تلفاز إلى الجهة اليمنى‪ .‬ينتصب بيانو عمودي على الحائط مقابل الموقد‪.‬‬
Style of Parallelism
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Parallelism:
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When two structures are identical to one another, they are described as
parallel.
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Such parallelism can be important to meaning implying a balance between
two or more messages.
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E.g.: My father is ill. My mother is sad. My sister is worried.
‫ أختي قلقة‬، ‫ أمي حزينة‬، ‫والدي مريض‬
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The structures of these three short sentences are parallel.
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The sentences are well-balanced, not only in structure but also in
meaning. That is my father fell ill, my mother felt sad for him, and my
sister was worried about him or about both.
Nouns (subjects)
Verbs
Adjectives (complements)
My father
Is
ill
My mother
Is
sad
My sister
Is
Worried
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Other possible translations:
‫ وكذلك أختي قلقة عليه‬.‫أبي مريض لذا أمي حزينة عليه‬
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‫أبي مريض مما سبب الحزن ألمي والقلق ألختي‬
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Although these are acceptable translations, they are rather explanations.
More importantly, they disregard the stylistic device of parallelism which
has the functions that are inseparable from meaning
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Another example:
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I always advise my brother not to get nervous when he is dejected. He
usually wants me not to be passive when he is angry. Bothe of us often
ask our parents not to be worried when we are different.
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These three sentences have identical parallel structures:
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#1
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I always advise my brother
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He usually wants me
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Bothe of us often ask our parents
S+ Adv.+V+O
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#2
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Not to get nervous
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Not to be passive
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Not to be worried
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#3
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When he is dejected
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When he is angry
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When we are different
not+ to+V+C(adj)
Adv.+ S+V+C(adj)
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The function of parallelism is balancing and counter- balancing the three
interconnected parts of the message.
1-I always advise my brother
‫أنصح اخي دائما‬
Not to get nervous
‫أال يكون عصبيا‬
When he is dejected
2-He usually wants me
‫عندما يكون مكتئبا‬
‫يريدني عادة‬
Not to be passive
‫أال أكون سلبيا‬
When he is angry
‫عندما يكون غاضبا‬
3-Bothe of us often ask our parents
Not to be worried
When we are different
‫كالنا غالبا مايرجو والديه‬
‫أال يكونا قلقين‬
‫عندما نكون مختلفين‬
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The difference in word order is unimportant . What is important is to
retain the word class( i.e. noun ===noun , adj===adj ect) of the original
in Arabic, and to use a parallel Arabic word order.
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Thus, the style of parallelism is functional , implying a significant part of
meaning. Therefore, in translation into Arabic we should insist on
imitating this type of style to reflect the same function.
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When it is not possible for students to produce parallelism in Arabic, they
can solve the problem by ignoring it , with a loss of rhetoric, aesthetic
effect as a part of the meaning, though.