Transcript BeReEm - Wydział Anglistyki UAM :: AMU Faculty of English

BeReEm
Belief, Reason, Emotion
Subjective construal of THINK in Polish
Iwona Kokorniak
Karolina Krawczak
Outline
(1) Objective & subjective construal
(2) Intersubjective construal
(3) Performative & descriptive uses of epistemic expressions
(4) Semantics of prefixed THINK verbs and ‘think’ in Polish
(5) Frequencies
(6) Coding schema
(7) Multifactorial analysis
(8) Conclusion
GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE
NOTIONS
• (Inter)subjectivity
and objectivity relate
to conceptualization and perspectivization
•They
are not coextensive with our
potential folk understanding of the terms
•The concept of subject is a focal point
SUBJECTIVITY AND
OBJECTIVITY
•
•
•
Subjectivity issues from subjectification and
characterizes
objects/elements
of
the
objective situation
Elements of an objective situation are
subjectified if they are relegated to the
background, rather than put ‘onstage’
Subjectivity is thus one of the results of the
perspective the speaker selects to construe a
given situation, and subjectification can be
seen as ”semantic bleaching” (Langacker
2006)
EXPLANATION
•
•
•
•
Subjective construal necessitates that a given
element be ‘offstage’
Objective construal requires that it be ‘onstage’
The object of conception, either a thing or a
relation, resides in the ”immediate scope”
The subject of conception can construe the
object, being (a) offstage (b) within ”overall”,
but not ”immediate scope” (c) onstage
EXEMPLIFICATION
‘be going to’
(1) ‘He is going to meet his friends.’
(2) ‘It is going to rain.’
Possessive ‘have’
(1) ‘I have a new flat.’
(2) ‘The flat has three rooms.’
(cf. Langacker 2006)
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Intersubjective
expressions
are
decoder-oriented as they are the overt
realization of the encoder’s sensitivity to
the decoder’s subjectivity.
(Traugott 2005:2)
PERFORMATIVE USES OF
EPISTEMIC EXPRESSIONS
“at 'utterance time' the speaker subscribes to and
accepts responsibility for the epistemic
evaluation underlying it.”
(1) It is probable that John made it to the bakery
before closing time.
(2) I think John made it to the bakery before
closing time.
(Nuyts 2001: 384f.)
DESCRIPTIVE USES OF EPISTEMIC
EXPRESSIONS
“the speaker reports on someone else's epistemic
evaluation of a state of affairs without there being
any explicit indication as to whether the speaker
personally subscribes (i.e., is committed) to the
veracity of the evaluation or not.”
(3) Mary thinks that John made it to the bakery.
(4) Mary considers it probable that John made it to the
bakery.
(Nuyts 2001: 384f.)
Prefix semantics
•
do– indicates an approximation to a goal or result; some effort;
•
na– indicates an intensity of an action; expresses a cumulative
•
•
•
reaching the goal may involve encountering certain difficulties
along the way, where the trajector (TR) makes every effort to
achieve the goal despite any obstacles;
process
ob– the image schema involved here refers to a circular motion
of TR around LM
po– forms delimitative verbs to indicate (i) a short duration of
an action; (ii) a limited nature of an action; does not involve the
attainment of any obvious goal (atelic)
prze– may depict a three dimensional and bounded LM, such
as a tunnel in which the TR moves from one end to the other,
where the TR “gradually fills the whole volume of the landmark”
(Pasich-Piasecka 1993: 19)
Prefix semantics
•
•
•
•
roz– in its basic image schema represents the TR and landmark LM
constituting one entity before a change and taking different forms
afterwards. Thus, the comparison of the two states of the entity before
and after the change profiles different senses of roz-.
wy– construal of the TR’s emergence from the LM, or its coming into
existence by leaving the bounded region of the LM; the container
image schema evoked
za– can represent a construal of ‘excess’ with intransitive perfective
verbs, being extended from the sense of ‘going beyond a boundary’
(Dickey 2006, 2009, p.c.; Przybylska 2001, 2006;
Piernikarski 1975; Śmiech 1986; Tabakowska 2003)
Semantics of myśleć ‘think’
•
•
•
myśleć – one of mental verbs representing what originates
in the subject’s mind, the ‘internal reality’ (Shinzato 2004:
862)
“internalized (and abbreviated) speech”, which is thus
tantamount to “self-awareness” (Fortesque 2001:17f.)
This “private, internal activity” can be further specified into at
least three kinds of processes:
•
•
•
•
“evaluating” someone or something,
“believing in the truth of a proposition”
“’mulling over’ some mental content” (Fortesque
2001:30)
THINK treated as one of semantic primes (Wierzbicka 1996)
The meaning of prefixed forms of
myśleć
•
•
•
•
domyśli/ać się – focus on the end point and result; intensiveresultative verb (Dickey 2009)
namyśli/ać się – focus on cumulative nature process, and
goal attainement
obmyśli/ać – the mental process has a circular nature, which
means that the object of thinking is considered from many
different perspectives
pomyśleć – beginning of an action but no end or result, focus
on process; A prefix overlaps with the meaning of a source
verb enough to produce a compound verb whose meaning is
identical to that of the impf source verb save for aspect
(Dickey 2006: 12)
The meaning of prefixed forms of myśleć
•
•
•
•
przemyśleć/iwać – implies the in-depth nature of the mental
activity; may point at its completeness and duration
rozmyślać - the activity is represented both in the basic and the
prefixed form of the verb; the difference may lie in the duration
and intensity of the activity (Przybylska 2001: 271). The same
observation is made by Dickey (p.c.: 14), who calls this type of
verbs procedural ones, as they “do not alter the basic lexical
meaning of the source verb”
rozmyślić się – an observed change in the subject’s mental
state - between the ‘normal’ process of the mental activity
represented by the unprefixed form into the ‘changed’ mental
state represented by the prefixed one;
the reflexive pronoun emphasizes the internal mental change of
the subject, which may also bring about a change in the
subject’s behaviour frequently conceived of by observers as a
negative one (Przybylska 2001: 279-280)
The meaning of prefixed forms of myśleć
•
•
•
wymyślić – refers to a mental activity as a result of
which one or more ideas emerge from one’s mind;
completeness of the process, which is conscious and
goal-oriented; punctual in nature
zamyślić się – an absorbtive verb, as it construes a
continuous process whose subject, by becoming
deeply engrossed in the activity, loses control over it;
the mental activity occurs independently of the
subject’s will, some adverse consequences may be
expected (Dickey p.c.)
The Polish PWN Corpus data
• extracts from 386 books, 977 issues of
185 newspapers and magazines, 84
recorded conversations, 207 websites
and several hundred promotional
leaflets
• 40 million words; demo online version of
the corpus used – 7.5 million words
• 1000 random hits of myśleć coded
Verb frequencies; PWN Corpus
•
Ja to uzupełnię
Coding schema
•
•
Person: V1, V2, V3, VPersNA (e.g. należałoby
się domyślać ‘one should guess’)
Mood: Conditional,
Interrogative
Indicative,
Imperative,
• Adverbial modifiers
• currently categories limited to:
• INTENS, MANNER, INSTR, TEMP,
FREQ, ADD, CONTR, HYPO, LOC
STUDY QUESTIONS
•
Correlation between
subjective/objective construal & THINK
verbs
• Correlation between subjective/objective
construal & adverbs used with THINK
verbs
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
• Multiple Correspondence Analysis
• Logistic Regression Analysis
MCA 1: VERB PERSON & VERB FORM
CORPUS EXAMPLES
MCA 2: Verb Person & Adverb
•
•
Goal
Instrumental
EXAMPLES
Logistic Regression for Construal
EXAMPLES FOR NON-OBJECTIVE
CONSTRUALS
Conclusion
• Prevalence of the subjective construal
viewing with prefixed forms,
corresponding with the descriptive
stance on epistemic verbs
• Strong correlation between objective
construal and myśleć ‘think’ in Polish
• Important correlation between nonobjective costrual and hypothetical
adverbs
References
Dickey, Stephen M. 2000. Parameters of Slavic aspect: A cognitive approach. Stanford: CSLI.
Dickey, Stephen M. 2009. Subjectification and the East-West aspect division. (Paper presented at the 9th Slavic Cognitive
Linguistics Conference, 16th Oct. 2009.).
Dickey, Stephen M. (personal communication). Subjectification and the Russian perfective.
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Mouton
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References (cont.)
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Przybylska, Renata. 2001. “Struktura schematyczno-wyobrażeniowa prefiksu czasownikowego roz-“ [Image-schematic
structure of the verbal prefix ‘roz-’] Polonica 21: 269-286.
Przybylska, Renata. 2006. Schematy wyobrażeniowe a semantyka polskich prefiksów czasownikowych do-, od-, prze-,
roz-, u-. [Image schemata and semantics of Polish verb prefixes do-, od-, prze-, roz-, u-]. Kraków: Universitas
Shinzato, Rumiko. 2004. “Some observations concerning mental verbs and speech act verbs”, Journal of Pragmatics 36:
861-882.
Śmiech, Witold. 1986. Derywacja prefiksalna czasowników polskich. [Prefix derivation of Polish verbs] . Wrocław:
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(http://www.seelrc.org/glossos/issues/4/tabakowska.pdf) (date of access: 9th Nov. 2008)
Traugott, Elisabeth. 2005. From ideational to interpersonal: perspective from grammaticalization. Handout of
paper presented at University of Leuven, Feb. 10th 2005