Transcript LIN 1101 - University of Ottawa

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CLASS 6, Jan 23, 2007
LIN 1310B
Introduction to Linguistics
Prof: Nikolay Slavkov
TA: Qinghua Tang
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Today
• Announcements and Reminders:
-continue reading Chapter 4 (read at least until p.119).
-assignment 1 will be made available to you today. It will
be due next Tuesday, January 30, before class.
• Today’s Lecture:
-Review from last time
-Continue with morphology
-Discuss assignment 1
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Review from last time
• base vs. root
• free vs. bound roots in English and other
languages
• derivation vs. inflection
• complex derivations and determining the
order in which affixes attach
• constraints on the derivation:
phonological/origin of the root
• two classes of derivational affixes
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Compounding
• A process which combines two or more
already existing words to create a new word
called a compound.
• Compound words are almost always of the
category N, V or A.
• Words like into and onto are possible
examples of P compounds.
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Examples of compounds
fire engine
greenhouse
scrub nurse
after thought
lex category:
N
spoonfeed
whitewash
overlook
drop kick
lex category:
V
nation-wide
red hot
over ripe
lex category:
A
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Headedness of compounds
• The compound’s head is the word or
morpheme that determines the category of
the whole compound.
• Intuitively, the head carries the core
meaning of the compound.
• In English, typically the head is the
rightmost component of the compound.
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Larger compounds
• Compounding can apply several times
yielding compounds of more than one word
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Compounding and Derivation
• Compounding can interact with derivation,
i.e. a derived word participates in
compounding
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Properties of compounds
• Orthographical: inconsistent representation
(sometimes written as single words,
sometimes as separate words, sometimes
with hyphens).
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Properties of compounds
• Phonological: Adjective compounds usually
have more prominent stress on their first
component
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Properties of compounds
• Inflectional: tense and plural markers are
typically added to the last component
E.g. greenhouses
*greenshouse
overlooked
*overedlook
However, there are some exceptions:
parks supervisor, swordsman
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Endocentric vs. exocentric
compounds
• Endocentric: you can guess the meaning of these
compounds based on the combined meanings of
their head and other components.
E.g. dog food (a type of food, i.e. food for dogs);
cave man (a type of man, i.e. living in a cave);
sky-blue (a type of blue, i.e. the colour of the sky)
Exocentric: the meaning does not follow from the
combined meanings of compound components.
E.g. redneck is not a type of neck
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Pluralization in endocentric vs.
exocentric compounds
wisdom teeth
saber tooths
club feet
bigfoots
policemen
walkmans
oak leaves
Maple Leafs
Endocentric
Exocentric
=> Irregular plurals apply to endocentric compounds
=> Irregular plurals regularize in exocentric
compounds
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Compounding in other languages
• Compounding seems to be a productive
process cross-linguistically
=> Korean compounds are right-headed (like
English), whereas Tagalog compounds are
left-headed.
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Inflection
• So far we have discussed derivation and
compounding.
• Inflection is another important morphological
process: virtually all languages have contrasts
such as singular vs. plural, past vs. non-past, etc.
• Definition: inflection is an affixation process
which adds grammatical information to a
morpheme.
• Sometimes, the base to which an inflectional affix
is attached is called a stem.
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English inflection
• English has only eight inflectional affixes and is
therefore known to have impoverished inflection.
Many other languages, however, have a much richer
inflectional system.
Inflectional Affixes in English
Nouns: plural -s, possessive (genitive) ’s
Verbs: 3sg -s, progressive -ing, past -ed, past participle
-en.
Adjectives: comparative -er, superlative -est.
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Languages may inflect for:
• gender: male, female or neuter
• noun class or numeral classifiers
• number:
one more than one
or one two (or dual) more than two
• person
• case
• tense
• animacy
• truth versus hearsay
• definiteness versus indefiniteness
• etc.
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INFLECTION
• Old English had a dual inflection for two of
something
• Below are some examples of Old English pronouns
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INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
Modern French inflects verbs for:
• number (je mange vs. nous mangeons)
• person (je mange, tu manges)
• tense, such as:
present (‘je mange’)
future (‘je mangerai’)
imperfect (‘je mangeais’)
conditional (‘je mangerais’)
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INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
• Some of the person inflections on French verbs
have disappeared in the spoken language
• Example: ‘je mange’ and ‘tu manges’
• These two inflections sound identical phonetically
[mãž ] ‘mange’
[mãž ] ‘manges’
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INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
• Languages with relatively few inflections fulfill the
functions expressed by inflections in other ways
Example:
• They use function words such as prepositions (‘of’,
‘by’) and articles (‘the’, ‘a’)
• They use strict word order
• The canonical or most typical word order in English
sentences is very strict, because it has so few inflections
• The subject noun is placed before the verb and the direct
and indirect objects are placed after the verb
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The inflectional affixes of English
• All of the inflections of English happen to be
suffixes
• Inflections can occur in other languages as
prefixes, infixes and circumfixes
• A number of English inflections have alternative
pronunciations or ‘allomorphs’
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Stems
• Some linguists use the term stem instead of
base in referring to the form that an
inflectional affix is added to.
• ‘reboot’ + ‘s’
• ‘reboot’ is either the base or the stem to
which the plural inflection ‘s’ is added.
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Assignment 1
Due: Tuesday, Jan 30, before class
Part I: Morphological analysis of English words and compounds.
Data:
1.
redesigning (The redesigning of the house took 5 months)
2.
unbreakable (These dishes are virtually unbreakable)
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presidential elections (There were five presidential elections during the past four
years)
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overreacting (I am annoyed by my overreacting mother)
Tasks:
1.
Draw a tree for each of the above words and compounds (follow the procedures and
notation used in the text/class/DGDs in doing the trees)
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After each tree list all morphemes in each word or compound.
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Determine if each morpheme is a root or an affix.
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Determine if each morpheme is bound or free.
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If the morpheme is an affix, determine if it is a suffix, prefix, infix or circumfix.
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If the morpheme is an affix, determine if it is derivational or inflectional.
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For each derivational morpheme, roughly describe its meaning.
8.
For each inflectional morpheme, roughly describe its grammatical function.
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Assignment 1
Example for Part I
Follow this format for your assignment:
E.g. blackened
List of Morphemes:
V
black: root, free
V
-en: suffix, derivational,
Tree:
meaning ‘to become A’
-ed: suffix, inflectional, past
A
Af Af
tense
black en ed
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Assignment 1
Part II
Part II: Morphological Analysis of another
language
• Do exercise 6 on p. 99 of the study guide.