Transcript 幻灯片 1 - lynu.edu.cn

LINGUISTICS
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A COURSE BOOK
By HU Zhuang-lin
Beijing University Press
ISBN 7-3-1-05014-3/H 0622
Chapter Four Syntax
(PART THREE)
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Teaching aim
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Introduce the generative approach to the analysis of language, a sketchy
description of its main features informally.
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Teaching points
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1. Deep and surface structures
2. The standard theory and after
• I. Deep and surface structure
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Deep structure may be defined as the abstract representation of the
syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural
relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the
underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.
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Surface structure is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a
construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a
construction people actually produce and receive.
Phrase Structure
Component
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Deep
Structure
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Transformational
Component
Surface
Structure
Phrase Structure component: Phrase structure rules.
For example, the sentence “ The man hit a ball” originates from6 the phrase
structure rules as follows:
S→ NP+VP
VP → V + NP
NP →Det+N
Det →the, a , etc.
N →man, ball, etc.
V →hit, took, etc.
Morpho-phonemic
Component
Phrase Structure
Component
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Deep
Structure
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Surface
Structure
Transformational
Component
Phrase Structure component: Phrase structure rules.
Transformational component: Transformational rules, which change the
deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into surface
structures.
Morpho-phonemic component: Morpho-phonemic rules for the correct
spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure.
Morpho-phonemic
Component
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Deep
Structure
Base
Component
Categories
lexicon
Transformatio
nal
Component
Surface
Structure
Phonological
Component
Semantic
Component
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In 1965 Chomsky published his second important
book Aspects of the Theory of Syntax and
introduced some modifications to his first model.
The most important of them is that at the suggestion
of John Katz and others he added a semantic
component to it.
Deep
Structure
Base
Component
Categories
lexicon
.
Transformatio
nal
Component
Surface
Structure
Phonological
Component
Semantic
Component
•The Base component and the transformational
component together make up the syntactic
component. In other words, a language is now seen
as consisting of three major parts: syntax, semantics
and phonology.
•The base component itself is divided into two subcomponents: categories and lexicon.
Deep
Structure
Base
Component
Categories
lexicon
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Transformation
al
Component
Semantic
Component
Surface
Structure
Phonological
Component
•Categories, or category component, contains
rewriting rules more or less the same as the
phrase structure rules in the first model. One
difference is that at the end of a derivation there
are no longer rules inserting words directly as:
• N → man, ball, etc
• but rules with features specifications for the
words to be inserted like:
• N → [ + N, + Common, - Count, +Abstract]
• V → [ +V, +----NP, +----that S’]
Surface
Structure
Deep
Structure
Base
Component
Categories
lexicon
Transformatio
nal
Component
Semantic
Component
.
Phonological
Component
•The features of each word are specified in the lexicon.
•Nouns are specified as follows:
•Sincerity → [ +N, +Abstract]
•Boy → [ +N, +Common, +Human]
•Verbs are subcategorized according to the context they
occur in:
•Elapse → [ +V, +----#]
•Eat → [ +V, +----NP, +----#]
•Grow → [ +V, +----NP, +----#, +----Adjective]
•Believe → [+V, +----NP, +----that S’]
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The standard theory after
Deep
Structure
Base
Component
Categories
lexicon
.
Transformationa
l
Component
Surface
Structure
Phonological
Component
Semantic
Component
•The first stage: The extended version of the linguistic model
shown as above.
•As for passive transformation, for example, one may say “ I
have been taught by Einstein” but not Einstein has taught
me” since he is dead, which shows that surface structure also
has some bearing on semantic interpretation.
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Base Component
Categories
lexicon
Deep
Structure
Transformational
Component
Surface
Structure
Phonological
Component
Semantic Component
•It was soon discovered that even this extended
version is not adequate enough. There were
suggestions that if we introduce the notion trace, all
the necessary information for semantic interpretation
may come from the surface structure. In other words,
the semantic component could rely entirely on the
output of surface structure as above.