Transcript Greek I

Greek I
Introduction to Verbs
(Chapter 15)
Exegetical Insight – 1 John 2:1 and
3:6
 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n
i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. evan, tij a`ma,rth|(
para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n
Cristo.n di,kaion\
 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc
a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n
ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ
Exegetical Insight – 1 John 2:1 and
3:6
 1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n
i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|(
para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n
Cristo.n di,kaion\
 1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc
a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n
ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ
Overview of this Lesson
 In this lesson we will learn:
 the basic grammar of English verbs;
 the meanings of such terminology as
agreement, person, number, tense,
time, voice, mood;
 the main components of the Greek verb:
stem, connecting vowel, and personal
ending;
 the concept of “aspect” and its
significance for a proper understanding
of the Greek verb.
English Grammar
 Verb – a word that describes action or state of being.
 I am studying Greek.
 Greek is the language of the New Testament.
 Person
 First (I, we)
 Second (you)
 Third (he, she, it, they)
 Number – either singular or plural
 I am the teacher.
 You are the students.
 Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject
in person and number.
 Time – when the action takes place (past,
present, future)
English Grammar
 Tense – In English, tense refers to both the
time of the action and the form of the word.
 I study – present tense
 I will study – future tense
 I studied – past tense
Note: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the
speaker/writer, not the reader.
 Aspect: What is the difference between:
 I studied last night.
 I was studying last night.
 The difference is in the kind of action: completed
versus continuous.
English Grammar
 Aspect and time
present
past
future
completed
I study
I studied
I will study
continuous
I am
studying
I was
studying
I will be
studying
English Grammar
 Voice – refers to the relationship
between the subject and the verb.
 Active – the subject does the action of
the verb.
 Bill hit the ball.
 Passive – the subject receives the
action of the verb.
 Bill was hit by the ball.
Greek Grammar
 Agreement – Just
as in English,
Greek verbs must
agree with their
subjects in person
and number.
Personal endings
distinguish these
various verb forms.
Greek Grammar
 In Greek, Tense has two components:
 The time of the action (past, present, or future)
 The kind of action. This is called aspect, and is the
more dominant feature in Greek tense.
 Continuous means that the action of the verb is thought
of as an ongoing process.
 Undefined aspect means that the action of the verb is
thought of as a simple event, without further comment
about the kind of action.
 Voice – there are 3 in Greek:
 Active
 I eat.
 Passive
 I am being eaten.
 Middle – no English equivalent; will discuss more in
chapter 25.
Main Components of the Greek
Verb




Stem carries the basic meaning.
Connecting vowel aids in pronunciation.
Personal endings reveal person and number.
How you would parse the verb above:
 Tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical form,
meaning.
 Present, active, indicative, first person plural, from
lu,w, meaning “I loose.”
Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs
Straight
 Verbs do not have case or gender;
nouns do not have person.
 Nouns
 Case, gender, number
 Verbs
 Tense, voice, mood, person and number
For Next Week
 No vocab from chapter 15, no vocab quiz
next week. This is a good week to catch up.
 Do Review #3 as follows:
 Go through and answer all the ones you can
without looking back at the book.
 Then look at the book for help on the ones that
you need to.
 Read through the passage from 1 John. You
need not write out the translation. See how
much you can translate as you read.
 Read chapter 16 on Present Active
Indicative, pp. 129-137.