Transcript СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ С ПРЕДМЕТНЫМ ЗНАЧЕНИЕМ

LIVE
A VALENCY ANALYSIS
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The verb live has two meanings:
He lives (in) London.
They lived happily ever after.
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The same is true of Russian zhit’:
On zhivet (v) Moskve.
Nam zhilos’ xorosho.
’He lives in Moscow.’ /
We had a good life.’
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…whereas in German we have two
different verbs:
Er wohnt (in) Berlin
Er lebt (ein) schönes (Leben).
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In Swedish, too, there are two verbs:
Han bor (i) Stockholm.
Han lever (i) högönsklig välmåga.
(The analysis of högönsklig could be
elaborated further.)
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Now let us look into word formation.
The derivative life and its equivalents are
one-place predicates.
life in London
ett liv (i) rikedom
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In Russian there are two derived nouns,
one for each meaning. However, the twoplace predicate is formed not from zhit’
directly, but from prozhivat’.
zhizn’ v Moskve
prozhivanie (v) Moskve
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Actant derivatives are absent in English.
In other languages they are mostly
formed from the two-place predicate.
One exception are words like Lebemann,
viveur:
<Lebe>mann
<viv>eur
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In these examples leben/vivre has, of
course, a restricted meaning. We could
add an extra predicate («high») to
represent this.
«hoch» <Lebe>mann
«haut» <viv>eur
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In Swedish there are non-actant
derivatives from the one-place predicate
leva: leverne and levnad.
<lev>erne
which means:
way (of) life
Leverne can also mean simply ’life’.
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Levnad:
<lev>nad «under (loppet av)»
which means:
<life>time «during»
Cf. also: levnadslopp, Lebenslauf.
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As to the two-place predicate,
derivatives occupying the first valency
position are quite common.
husets <bebo>ere
<stads><bo>r
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In German different words are used for
inhabitants of houses and towns.
die Ein<wohn>er der Stadt
die <Haus><bewohn>er
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The same is true of Russian:
<zhi>teli Moskvy
<zhil’>cy doma
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The second actant (the place) is
expressed by derivatives in several
languages:
<Wohn>ung
<zhil>ishche
<bo>stad, <bo>ning, <bo>
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The last Swedish noun, bo, is formed by
zero suffixation and has a restriction
(«animals») on the first valency position
of the corresponding verb.
«djur» <bo>
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Only seldom such derivatives can be
used to form syntagms.
invånarna (i) <bo>staden
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When other words than derivatives are
used, it is necessary to insert an implicit
predicate.
the inhabitants «live» (of) the house
invånarna «bo» (i) lägenheten
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The implicit verb «live» is extracted from
the meaning of either or both of the
explicit actants. More examples:
«live» flat
«live» <bee>hive
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In the last example bee- can be removed
without changing the meaning. This
means that bee is moved to an implicit
node. Cf.:
«live» <bee>hive
«live» hive «bee»
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The word house is rather weakly
connected with «live» and therefore
sometimes need specification.
(<bo>nings)hus
(<bo>stads)hus
zhiloj dom
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In living room the verb live has a modified
meaning. It can no longer be regarded as a
two-place predicate.
living «in» room
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A common type of first-actant derivatives
are formed from the name of the place
(mostly proper names).
the <London>ers «live»
die <Berlin>er «wohnen»
<göteborg>are «bo»
<moskv>ichi «zhit’»
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Kennedy said: ”Ich bin ein Berliner.”
Maybe he should have said:
Ich (bin <Berlin>er). «wohnen»
But ”Ich wohne in Berlin” wouldn’t
have the same effect, would it?
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Much more seldom common names are
used as bases for such derivatives.
<kvartir>anty «zhit’»
<gorozh>ane «zhit’»
’inhabitants of the flat’ /
’inhabitants of the city’
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Certain suffixes can evoke other
implicit predicates than «live». Cf.:
<lund>ensare «studera» «i»
<lunda><bo>
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THE END
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