Transcript Reviewing Basic Sentence Patterns

Lesson 23
Joseph C. Blumenthal
Present and past participles, as we have seen, are
forms of verbs that serve as adjectives. Now
we look at verbs that have crossed over into
noun territory.
Tennis is good exercise.
Tennis is an ordinary noun. It is the subject of the
verb __.
Present and past participles, as we have seen, are
forms of verbs that serve as adjectives. Now
we look at verbs that have crossed over into
noun territory.
Tennis is good exercise.
Tennis is an ordinary noun. It is the subject of the
verb is.
Tennis is good exercise.
Walking is good exercise
Both tennis and walking are nouns used as subject
of the verb is.
Which one of theses two italicized nouns was
formed from a verb? (tennis, walking)
Tennis is good exercise.
Walking is good exercise
Both tennis and walking are nouns used as subject
of the verb is.
Which one of theses two italicized nouns was
formed from a verb? (tennis, walking)
Walking is good exercise
The noun walking was formed by adding ___ to
the verb walk.
Walking is good exercise
The noun walking was formed by adding -ing to
the verb walk.
A noun that is formed by adding –ing to a verb
is called a gerund (pronounced jare-und).
We can turn any verb into a gerund by
adding –ing to it (sometimes making minor
changes in the spelling).
The gerund from of the verb cook is _______.
A noun that is formed by adding –ing to a verb
is called a gerund (pronounced jare-und).
We can turn any verb into a gerund by
adding –ing to it (sometimes making minor
changes in the spelling).
The gerund from of the verb cook is cooking.
We can turn any verb into a gerund by adding
–ing to it (sometimes making minor
changes in the spelling).
The gerund from of the verb lie is _____.
We can turn any verb into a gerund by adding
–ing to it (sometimes making minor
changes in the spelling).
The gerund from of the verb lie is lying.
We often wish to talk about actions. We can’t
talk about walked, stole, or studied, but we
can talk about walking, stealing, or _______.
We often wish to talk about actions. We can’t
talk about walked, stole, or studied, but we
can talk about walking, stealing, or studying.
To talk about actions, we must give them
names. We give actions names by adding
–ing to verbs, thus changing the verbs
into nouns which we call by the special
name of _______.
To talk about actions, we must give them
names. We give actions names by adding
–ing to verbs, thus changing the verbs
into nouns which we call by the special
name of gerunds.
A gerund is a noun that is formed from a
____. (What part of speech?)
A gerund is a noun that is formed from a
verb. (What part of speech?)
Do you remember that we also formed
present participles by adding –ing to
verbs?
Could the word swinging be either a present
participle or a gerund? (yes, no)
Do you remember that we also formed
present participles by adding –ing to
verbs?
Could the word swinging be either a present
participle or a gerund? (yes, no)
To decide whether an –ing word is a present
participle or a gerund, we must see how
it is used in the sentence. If the –ing word
is used as an adjective, it is a ______
_______.
To decide whether an –ing word is a present
participle or a gerund, we must see how
it is used in the sentence. If the –ing word
is used as an adjective, it is a present
participle.
If the –ing word is used as a noun, it is a
______.
If the –ing word is used as a noun, it is a
gerund.
a. Swinging makes me dizzy.
b. She went through the swinging door.
In which sentence is swinging a present
participle because it is used as an adjective
to modify a noun? (a, b)
a. Swinging makes me dizzy.
b. She went through the swinging door.
In which sentence is swinging a present
participle because it is used as an adjective
to modify a noun? (a, b)
a. Swinging makes me dizzy.
b. She went through the swinging door.
In which sentence is swinging a gerund because
it is used as a noun to name an action? (a, b)
a. Swinging makes me dizzy.
b. She went through the swinging door.
In which sentence is swinging a gerund because
it is used as a noun to name an action? (a, b)
Although gerunds serve as nouns, they still
bear some semblance to verbs. Like verbs,
gerunds may take direct objects or subject
complements, as no ordinary noun can do.
Observing ants is fascinating.
Because the noun ants receives the action of the
gerund observing, it is its (direct object,
subject compliment).
Although gerunds serve as nouns, they still
bear some semblance to verbs. Like verbs,
gerunds may take direct objects or subject
complements, as no ordinary noun can do.
Observing ants is fascinating.
Because the noun ants receives the action of the
gerund observing, it is its (direct object,
subject compliment).
Being selfish is a good way to lose
friends.
(Do you recall that be, with all its forms, is a
linking verb?)
Because the adjective selfish completes the
meaning of the gerund Being, it is its (direct
object, subject compliment).
Being selfish is a good way to lose
friends.
(Do you recall that be, with all its forms, is a
linking verb?)
Because the adjective selfish completes the
meaning of the gerund Being, it is its (direct
object, subject compliment).
The phrases formed by gerunds with their
related words are called gerund phrases.
These phrases can be used in any way that
nouns are used.
Reading this book changed her entire life.
In this sentence the gerund phrase reading this
book is used as the ______ of the verb
changed.
The phrases formed by gerunds with their
related words are called gerund phrases.
These phrases can be used in any way that
nouns are used.
Reading this book changed her entire life.
In this sentence the gerund phrase reading this
book is used as the subject of the verb
changed.
Your mistake was enclosing money in a letter.
The gerund phrase completes the meaning of
the linking verb was and explains the
subject mistake. The gerund phrase is
therefore a (direct object, subject
compliment).
Your mistake was enclosing money in a letter.
The gerund phrase completes the meaning of
the linking verb was and explains the
subject mistake. The gerund phrase is
therefore a (direct object, subject
compliment).
a. We paid thirty dollars for repairs.
b. We paid thirty dollars for repairing the motor.
In which sentence is gerund phrase the object
of the preposition for? (a, b)
a. We paid thirty dollars for repairs.
b. We paid thirty dollars for repairing the motor.
In which sentence is gerund phrase the object
of the preposition for? (a, b)
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
SAMPLE
The sign forbids fishing from this dock.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
SAMPLE
The sign forbids fishing from this dock.
Answer: fishing from this dock
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
SAMPLE
His violation was driving through a red light.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
SAMPLE
His violation was driving through a red light.
Answer: driving through a red light
Write the following answers on your own
sheet of paper.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
1. Saving the precious topsoil is one of the aims
of conservation.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
2. The clerk made an error in adding the
figures.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
3. Being a road hog increases the likelihood of
automobile accidents.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
4. Railroads are still one of the cheapest means
of hauling heavy loads.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
5. The next step is removing the tire from the
rim.
In this and the following frames, write down
the gerund phrase.
6. Norman dreaded going to the dentist.
Now set your paper aside for a minute or two.
We will add on to it again shortly.
We can sometimes improve a weak compound
sentence by changing one of its statements
to a gerund phrase used as the object of a
preposition.
Nan watched the men work, and she learned about
motors.
By watching the men work, Nan learned about
motors.
We change the verb watch to the gerund
_______.
We can sometimes improve a weak compound
sentence by changing one of its statements
to a gerund phrase used as the object of a
preposition.
Nan watched the men work, and she learned about
motors.
By watching the men work, Nan learned about
motors.
We change the verb watch to the gerund
watching.
Nan watched the men work, and she learned about
motors.
By watching the men work, Nan learned about
motors.
After changing the verb watch to the gerund
watching, we put an appropriate
preposition before it—in this case, the
preposition __.
Nan watched the men work, and she learned about
motors.
By watching the men work, Nan learned about
motors.
After changing the verb watch to the gerund
watching, we put an appropriate
preposition before it—in this case, the
preposition by.
Nan watched the men work, and she learned about
motors.
By watching the men work, Nan learned about
motors.
Since we lost the subject Nan, we put it back at
the beginning of the main statement in
place of the pronoun ___.
Nan watched the men work, and she learned about
motors.
By watching the men work, Nan learned about
motors.
Since we lost the subject Nan, we put it back at
the beginning of the main statement in
place of the pronoun she.
He sent a check, and he didn’t sign his name.
He sent a check
signing his name.
After you’ve changed the verb sign to the
gerund signing, what preposition would
make good sense in the blank space? ______
He sent a check, and he didn’t sign his name.
He sent a check without signing his name.
After you’ve changed the verb sign to the
gerund signing, what preposition would
make good sense in the blank space? without
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
SAMPLE
Jerry has an annoying habit, and it is slamming
doors.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
SAMPLE
Jerry has an annoying habit, and it is slamming
doors.
ANSWER: Jerry has a habit of slamming doors.
Write the following answers on your own
sheet of paper.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
7. We used the old lumber and saved a lot of money.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
8. The customer left the store, and he didn’t wait for
his change.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
9. I consulted a number of people and decided to
become a chemist.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
10. Leslie has a handy gadget, and it slices
vegetables.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
11. Sue got out of the car and turned her ankle.
(It happened as Sue was getting out.)
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
12. Paul parked the car on a hill, and he didn’t
pull the break.
Eliminate the and by changing each italicized
statement to a gerund phrase used as the
object of the preposition.
(Prepositions: by, for, of, on, in , before, after,
without)
13. Beth had not yet completed her commercial
course, and she was offered a good job.
(Try before.)
You are done!!!