Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - A linear asymmetry inside VP

A linear asymmetry inside VP: the
interruption of verb clusters by nonverbal material
Eric Hoekstra
Workshop Eric Reuland
(1) Typological asymmetries
• As there are languages with Verb-First,
there must be languages with V-last
• As there are languages with V-Second,
there must be languages with V-Last-butOne
• As there are languages moving Wh-items
to the first position in the clause, there
must be languages moving Wh-items to
the last position in the clause.
(2)
Omdat
because
willen
want
ik
jou wel zou
hebben
I
you AVP would
have
blijven zien staan toekijken.
stay see stand watch
'Because I would have liked to see you
continue standing there watching.'
(3a) Modern Dutch, verb order 123
Wie weet
waarom
who knows
why
mocht
worden
might-1 become-2
Huntelaar niet
Huntelaar not
geselecteerd.
selected-3.
‘Who knows why Huntelaar was not allowed
to be selected.’
(3b)
Modern Frisian, verb order
321
Wa wit
who knows
selektearre
selected-3
wêrom’t
why
wurde
might-2
Huntelaar net
Huntelaar not
mocht.
become-1
‘Who knows why Huntelaar was not allowed
to be selected.’
(4a)
Thaet
that
sumon
some
Old English
he eft
he afterwards
saele
beon
time
be
1X23
mage
aet
may
at
geclaensod.
purified
‘That he may afterwards be purified at some
time.’
(4b)
Thaet
that
swidhe
strongly
Old English 1 2 X 3
hi ne sceoldon beon
they not might
be
afyrhte.
terrified
‘That they might not be too terrified.’
to
too
(5) Head-initial occurences in Old
English corpus consulted by Koopman
123
1 X 23
12 X 3
1X2X3
343
156
151
50
(6) Old English 321
“shows no variation at all. In all the cases
the three verbs are adjacent.”
(Koopman:p. 49).
*3X21
*32X1
(7) Head-final occurences in Old
English corpus consulted by Koopman
321
3 X 21
32 X 1
3X2X1
80
0
0
0
(8) Break-up in subclusters of
three-verb clusters
Break-up
No break-up
1X2
2X3
21
32
(9a)
Hypothetical generalisation
1: Strict head-initiality
A subcluster of two verbs may be broken up
only if the preceding head selects the
following head.
(9b)
Hypothetical generalisation
2: Relaxed head-initiality
`A subcluster of two verbs may be broken up
only if the preceding head selects the
following head
or there is an additional head such that the
preceding head selects the additional
head and the additional head selects the
following head.
(10)Predictions for the subclusters
13 and 31:
Strict head-initiality
Relaxed head-init.
1X3
3X1
*
OK
*
*
NB Recursive head-initiality.
(11) Support for relaxed headinitiality
The subcluster 1X3 occurs in the clusters
1X32 and 21X3; both are attested in OE:
(11a)
1X32
Thaet he moste sumum rican
menn
that he might some powerful man
to bearne geteald
beon.
as child
accounted be
‘That he might be accounted the child of
some powerful man.’
(11b)
Thaet dhu wurdhan
that you become
swurdum ofslagen
swords killed
21X3
scealt mid urum
must with our
mid him.
with him
‘That you must be killed with our swords
together with him.’
(12) Further prediction from relaxed
head-initiality for 231
2X31
23X1
OK (though partly headfinal)
*
(13) Modern Dutch, head-initial
(13a)
Omdat hij mij op wou
bellen.
because he me up wanted call
'Because he wanted to call me up.‘
(13b)
Omdat hij mij wou op bellen.
because he me wanted up call
(14) Modern Dutch, head-final
(14a)
Omdat hij
because he
(14b)
* Omdat hij
because he
mij op
me up
bellen
phone
mij bellen
me phone
op
up
wou.
would
wou.
would
(15)
(15a)
Omdat
because
hearre
hear-4
Modern Frisian, head-final
ik
dy
I
you
wollen
wanted-3
him op
him up
hawwe
have-2
beljen
call-5
soe.
would-1
(16)
Modern Frisian, head-final,
continued
Omdat ik dy him …
* … beljen op hearre wollen hawwe soe.
call-5
up hear-4 wanted-3
have-2 would-1
* … beljen hearre op wollen hawwe soe.
* … beljen hearre wollen op hawwe soe.
* … beljen hearre wollen hawwe op soe.
(16a)
Dat ik
that I
doen
make-2
(Aarschots, Pauwels
1965:109)
verleden
last
bouwen
build-3
jaar een huis
year a
house
heb.
have
'That I had a house built last year.'
(16b) (Katwijks, De Vink 2004:118)
Hij was
he was
blijve
stay-2
bang
afraid
zitte
sitting-3
dat ie
that he
mos.
must-1
'He was afraid that he should stay sitting.'
(17) Predictions for interruption in
these clusters
(17a) 2 X 3 1, prediction: OK
(17b) 2 3 X 1, prediction: *
(17a) 2 X 3 1, prediction: OK
(17a)
De soldaete hoorde tot
the` soldiers heard
that
blijve
deur
vichte
stay-2
through fight-3
ze
they
mosse
must-1
'The soldiers heard that they had to continue
fighting.'
(17b) 2 3 X 1, prediction: *
(17b)
* De
the
blijve
stay-2
soldaete
soldiers
vichte
fight-3
hoorde
heard
deur
through
tot ze
that they
mosse
must-1
(18a) 2 X 3 1, prediction: OK
Omdat
because
late op
let-2 up
ze ‘m
they him
houwe
stop-3
niet
not
konde
could-1
'Because they could not let him stop.'
(18b) 2 3 X 1, prediction: *
* Omdat
because
late houwe
let-2 stop-3
ze
they
op
up
‘m niet
him not
konde
could-1
'Because they could not let him stop.'