Transcript Slide 1

Clauses/Phrases
Clauses vs. Phrases
-Clause has its own subject and verb
and a phrase doesn’t.
-Sentences must be formed from
clauses
but phrases are not necessary.
Prepositional Phrases
• Preposition + object of
the preposition
• Object of the preposition
= noun/pronoun
• Includes all the words in
between the preposition
and its object
• Used as adjective or
adverb
– adj = which one; what
kind; how much; how
many
– Adv = where, when,
why, how, to what
degree
• I will meet you at
the movie.
• My skis sped
down the hill
over the cliff into
the river.
• That bird in the
garden tweets
loudly on rainy
days.
Prepositional Phrases
• prepositional
phrase can never
contain any one
of the following
elements:
• subject
• verb
• object
• Mentally cross
off prep phrases
to help recognize
if sent includes a
subject and a
verb; this will
help tell if you
wrote a sentence
or a fragment.
Infinitives
“To ”
verb
-Uses
-subject
-Adjective
-Adverb
-Predicate nominative
-Direct object
Infinitives
To stand can be uncomfortable.
Infants first learn to crawl.
Her aim is to walk.
Birds have an instinct to fly.
I am happy to run.
Infinitives
The audience
was waiting to
applaud.
Infinitives
That would be a
fun cave to
explore.
Infinitives
To lie is
dishonorable.
Infinitives
Everyone needs
to study.
Infinitives
Their orders
were to retreat.
Infinitives
We decided to sail across the lake.
They wanted to drive slowly around the
park.
To run in a marathon someday is my
secret ambition.
A triathlon requires athletes to train
diligently.
To complete a triathlon is a success in
itself.
Infinitives
We hope to climb the mountain by
nightfall.
Do you have to play your music so
loudly?
To study after the test is a little
backwards.
Participles
-Ends in –ing (present) or –ed (past)
-Functions as an adjective
A traveling carnival came to our town.
I took the less used path.
Our invited guests are here.
Participles
A torn handkerchief was the only clue
to the puzzling crime.
Whimpering in his crib, the
baby kept himself awake.
The baby, screaming furiously for two
hours , kept me busy.
Walking puts less stress on your legs than
running.
Lacy won fame by running the mile in less
than four minutes.
Gerunds
•Subject
•Object of prep
•Indirect object
•Direct object
•PN
•This is an -ING PHRASE that is
USED as a NOUN.
•Gerunds can be one word or a
many word phrase.
S-Vi
S-Vt-DO
S-LV-SC (PA/PN)
S-Vt-IO-DO
S-Vt-DO-OC
PREP +
NOUN=PREPOSITION
AL PHRASE
Walking is my favorite exercise.
My favorite exercise is walking.
I control my weight by walking a mile each day.
I enjoy walking.
You should give walking a try.
Appositives
Noun/pronoun placed next to
another noun/pronoun
Identifies or gives additional
information
May be one word
May be a phrase
-The appositive plus any of its
modifiers
Appositives
Notice the punctuation of
the appositive.
He is living and working
in Brasilia, the capital
city.
Paulo’s brother Ernest
also lives there.
Dora, Paulo’s only sister,
lives in New York.
Absolutes
• Noun / Pronoun modified by a participle or
participial phrase
• No grammatical relationship to the rest of the
sentence
• Purpose is to describe (modify) the entire
sentence.
Its wings being damaged by the
storm, the aircraft crashed.
We took off on schedule, the
weather perfect.
We took off on schedule, the
weather [being] perfect.
Absolutes
• The adventurer having just
climbed Mt. Everest, his book
became a best seller.
• Mike’s salary was lower, but his
take-home pay was higher than
at his old job, the insurance
premium being paid by his new
employer.
• The game over, we gathered for
a party at Coach’s home.
Absolutes
• A group of words that modifies a
sentence as a whole.
• Made up of a noun and its
modifiers
• Can precede, interrupt or
follow a sentence.
Their slender bodies sleek and black against the
orange sky, the storks circled high above us.
The storks circled high above us, their slender
bodies sleek and black against the orange sky.
The storks, their slender bodies sleek and black
against the orange sky, circled high above us.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
-describes a noun or pronoun
-usually follows noun or pronoun
- answers: which one, what kind,
how much or how many
-starts with a relative pronoun:
who, whom, whose, that , which
-starts with relative adverbs: when,
where, why
Clauses
Main / Independent
• Has subject
• Has verb
• Has complete thought
• Can stand alone
Subordinate / Dependent
• Has subject
• Has verb
• DOES NOT have a
complete thought
• Cannot stand alone
Subordinate / Dependent Clauses
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Noun
ADVERB CLAUSES
-describes a VERB, ADVERB, ADJECTIVE
-usually describes what it follows
- answers: where, why, how, when, or
to what degree
-starts with a subordinating conjunctions:
after
as long as
before
so
Although
as soon as
even though than
As
as though
if
though
As if
because
since
unless
Until
when
whenever
where
Wherever
while
so that
Although the days are cool, the sun is visible
longer.
Small parachutes carry the instruments down
until they are safely on the ground.
The person (who, whom) is climbing the hill is
my mother.
No one knows (who, whom) invented the wheel.
She spoke more enthusiastically than she ever
had before.
The animal that she researched is the horse.
As she rode the horse, the judges evaluated her.
The library where she did her research is open on
Sundays.
Noun clauses
•
•
•
•
•
Subject
Object of prep
Indirect object
Direct object
PN
• This is a CLAUSE that is
USED as a NOUN.
• You can recognize it if
the clause can be
replaced in the sentence
by someone or
something.
•
•
•
•
•
S-Vi
S-Vt-DO
S-LV-SC (PA/PN)
S-Vt-IO-DO
S-Vt-DO-OC
• PREP +
NOUN=PREPOSITIONAL
PHRASE
Whether the defendant is guilty is the question.
The truth may be what she says.
The plaintiff claims that her landlord cheated her.
Don’t be swayed by how tearful she becomes.
She gives whoever listens a long, sad story.
Infinitives
To stand can be uncomfortable.
Infants first learn to crawl.
Her aim is to walk.
Birds have an instinct to fly.
I am happy to run.
Infinitives
We decided to sail across the lake.
They wanted to drive slowly around the
park.
To run in a marathon someday is my secret
ambition.
A triathlon requires athletes to train
diligently.
To complete a triathlon is a success in
itself.