Transcript QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 1

QURANIC GRAMMAR
AS-SARF
“Morphology of the words”
Lesson 10
Lessons from the book
MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH –
basics of Arabic Grammar
RASHEED SHARTOONI
Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali
13- Patterns of derived nouns
(Al Ism Mushtaq)
• There are 7 Patterns in Nouns that we will discuss:
1 Subject Noun FAAE’L ‫كاتب=فاعل‬
2 Object Noun MAFU’OOL ‫مكتوب=مفعول‬
3 Siffah Mushabihah (Description similar to Subject), Extensive
Emphasis AFA’L ‫اسود=افعل‬
4 Superlative Noun AFA’LA MIN ‫اكبرمن= افعل من‬
5 Amplifying noun FA’AAL ‫الرحمن=فعّال‬
6 Time Noun MAFE’L ‫مغرب=مفعل‬
7 Place Noun MAFA’L ‫مركز=مفعل‬
8 Tool Noun MEFA’AAL ‫منشار=مفعال‬
‫الص َفة ال ُم َشبَّهة‬
ِ
similar to subject noun
• ‫ص َفة ال ُم َشبَّهة‬
ِ : ‫ اسم فاعل‬cannot be derived from some verbs like
ُ ‫ )الف ِع‬verbs. In such a case Siff-Althe intransitive (‫ل االزم‬
Moshabaha is derived from it.
• ‫ص َفة ال ُم َشبَّهة‬
ِ does not indicate the doer of an action but
indicates a stable description
•
such as ‫اس ٌن‬
ِ ‫(ولَ ٌد َح‬
َ ‫ ) اسم فاعل‬beautifying boy and ‫(ولَ ٌد َح َس ٌن‬a
َ
َ ‫ال ُم‬
beautiful boy) (‫شبَّهة‬
•
‫ص َفة‬
ِ )
َ ‫ ال ُم‬because it is not ‫اسم فاعل‬
It is called MOSHABAHA ‫شبَّهة‬
(subject noun) but acts like it grammatically, so it is similar
َ ‫ )ال ُم‬to ‫اسم فاعل‬
(‫شبَّهة‬
Forms of ‫الص َفة ال ُم َشبَّهة‬
ِ
– 4 lettered form similar to ‫ اسم فاعل‬such as َ ‫اِعت َد َل‬ َ‫ َيع َتدِل‬ ‫مع َتدِل‬
– Most of the tri-lettered verbs has commonly known form
(SOMAA’EYA) such as ‫كريم‬
ِ on the scale of ‫ف ِعيل‬
– Except for the ones which indicate a color such as َ‫سود‬
َ ََ‫ا‬
(black) and defect such as َ‫عمى‬
َ َ‫( ا‬blind) or a character such as
َ‫كرم‬
َ ََ‫(ا‬generous). For these are formed on the scale of ‫فعل‬
َ َ‫ا‬
Four-Lettered Forms
َ ‫( َف‬Female)
• AF’AL ‫(آفعل‬Male),
FA’LAA’A ‫عَلء‬
َ
– AHMAR ‫(اَح َمر‬Male), HAMRAA’A ‫مرا ُء‬
َ ‫( َح‬Female) = Red
َ ‫( َف‬Male), FA’LAA ‫( َفعلَى‬Female)
• FA’LAAN ‫عَلن‬
– JOWA’AAN ‫وعان‬
َ ‫( َج‬Male), JOW’AA ‫( َجو َعى‬Female) = Hungry
– Further the standard forms are mentioned in coming slides.
Intransitive form 1:‫ َف ِع َل‬has three
forms
َ ‫الص َفة ال ُم‬
If the AYN had a KASRA then the ‫شبَّهة‬
ِ will be as
follows:
Tri letter form: FAE’LA ‫ َف ِع َل‬ FAE’LUN ‫َف ِع ٌل‬
–‫ح‬
ََ ‫( َف ِر‬FARIHA)ٌَ‫( َف ِرح‬FARIHON) - Happy
Intransitive Form 2 verb ‫ََ َف ُع َل‬
(If the Ayn of the verb had a dhamma and is intransitive (‫)الف ِع ُل الَلزم‬
1.
–
–
2.
–
3.
–
4.
–
5.
–
6.
–
FAOLA َ ‫ َفع َل‬ FAE’EELUN ٌ ‫َفعِي َل‬
KARUMA ‫ َكر ََم‬ KAREEMUN ‫ =كري ٌَم‬Generous
Zaofa َ‫ضعف‬ZaEeefun ‫ضعيف‬
Faola  Fuaalun َ ‫ َفع َل‬ ‫فعال‬
َ Shujaa’’a ‫شجاع‬
Shajoa ‫شج ََع‬
FaolaFa’lun َ ‫ َفع َل‬ ‫فعل‬
Sahola َ ‫سه َل‬
Sahlun ٌ ‫=سه َل‬
َ
َ Easy
FaolaFa’aalun َ ‫ َفع َل‬ ‫فعال‬
Jabuna ََ‫جبن‬Jabaanَ‫جبان‬
َ
Faola  Faalun َ ‫ َفع َل‬‫فعل‬
Batulaََ‫ َبطل‬ Batalunََ‫َب َطل‬
Faola َ ‫فع َل‬fu’lun  َ ‫َفع َل‬
Saluba ‫ب‬
ََ ‫صل‬Salbun
ََ ‫ص‬
‫لب‬
َ
Patterns – Seegah mubaalagah
َ ‫الص‬
‫يغة ال ُم َبالِ َغه‬
ِ
Amplification in Description
• Seegah Mubaalagha ‫الصي َغة ال ُم َبالِ َغه‬
is used to
ِ
emphasize, amplify and magnify the emphasis of a
noun
Forms of amplified nouns
• from the triliteral verbs: there is no standard forms but (SOMAA’EYA). The most
famous forms are:
A. (َ‫ َف َّعال‬:َ‫( َج َّبار‬giant)
B. (َ‫ َف َّعالة‬:َ‫( َع اّلمة‬high scholar)
C. (َ‫مِفعال‬:َ‫(مِفضال‬excellent)
D.(َ‫مِفعيل‬:َ‫(مِسکين‬destitute)
E. (َ‫فِ ِّعيل‬:َ‫(صِ دِّيق‬very truthful)
F. (َ‫ َفعِل‬:َ‫( َحذِر‬very cautious)
G. (َ‫فعيل‬:َ‫( َرحيم‬very merciful) (form is used as a SIFFA MOSHABAHA
to indicate the amplification of ‫ اسمَفاعل‬as well . In this example it
is an amplification of َ‫را ِح ٌم‬RAAHIM)
H. (َ‫ َفعول‬:َ‫( َکذوب‬big liar) (form is used to indicate a meaning similar to
‫ اسمَمفعول‬such as the amplification of ‫سل‬
َ ‫ مر‬is ‫َرسول‬
Rule of ‫ رحيم – فعيل‬in both cases (‫ فاعل‬and ‫) َمفعول‬
• The rule that applies to the form ‫( فعيل‬the description) and the
noun that it describes is different depending on its meaning:
• A. If ‫ فعيل‬has the meaning of ‫( فاعل‬subject) then it follows the noun
it describes in gender.
ٌ ‫فيق و هذه َش‬
ٌ ‫هذا َش‬this male compassionate person
• For example: ‫فيقة‬
and this female compassionate person.
• B. If it has the meaning of an objective ‫ َمفعول‬compliment it remains
masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For
example: ( ‫ جا َء رج ٌل َجري ٌح‬an injured man came) and ‫جائت امرأةٌ َجري ٌح‬
)an injured woman came). This is only the case if the described
word is mentioned, if it is implied the adjective must follow the
described word in gender. For example: ‫ريح ٌة‬
َ ‫جا َء َجري ٌح و َج‬the injured
[man] and the injured [woman] came).
Rule of ‫ رسول – َفعُول‬in both cases
(‫ فاعل‬and ‫) َمفعول‬
• If the form ‫ َفعُول‬describes a noun that has the meaning of an
objective ‫‘ َمفعول‬compliment it follows the noun’s gender.
• For example: ‫هذارسول‬this
male messenger and‫ هذه َرسولَة‬this
َ
female messenger).
• B. If it has the meaning of subject ‫ فاعل‬then it remains
masculine even if the noun it is describing is feminine. For
َ
example: ُ‫( جا َء األب ُالحنون‬the loving father came) and ‫جائت األ ُ ُّم‬
ُ‫الحنون‬the loving mother came).
• This is only the case if the described word is mentioned, if it is
implied the adjective must follow the described word in
gender. For example: ‫جا َء الحنونُ و الحنو َن ُة‬the loving [father] and
the loving [mother] came.
Grammar of seegah mubaalagah
َ ‫الص‬
‫يغة ال ُم َبالِ َغه‬
ِ
• ‫الص َغة ال ُم َبالِ َغه‬can
replace a verb if two
ِ
conditions are present:
َ ‫الص‬is
The ‫يغة ال ُم َبالِ َغه‬
not:
ِ
• Articulated with Al ‫اَل‬
• Depends on Mobtada (Nominal Subject,
Negation or interrogation)