Transcript Grammar notes can be found here

Parts of Speech Review
Noun
A word or word group that is used to name a person, place, thing
or idea.
Examples:
Persons: teacher, chef, Nathan,
Places: Grand Canyon, city, kitchen
Things: lamp, Nobel Prize, iphone
Ideas: happiness, self-control, liberty, bravery
Types of Nouns
Common and proper
Abstract and concrete
Collective
Collective Nouns
A noun that names a group
Examples:
Audience
Batch
committee
crew
herd
family
quartet
team
Practice
1. The Houston Texans will go to the Super Bowl this year.
1. David visited an interesting museum in Colorado last month.
1. Izzy went to live at my sister-in-law’s house until we return.
1. People should always tell the truth.
1. We joined the committee.
Pronoun
A word that is used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
Ask Dan if Dan has done Dan’s homework.
Ask Dan if he has done his homework.
Both of Tori’s friends said both would help Tori find Tori’s missing
books.
Both of Tori’s friends said they would help her find her missing
books.
Antecedent
The word or word group that a pronoun stands for
Examples:
(ant.)
(pro)
(pro)
Frederick, have you turned in your report?
(ant.)
(pro)
Walking the dog is fun, and it is good exercise.
Personal Pronouns
Refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to
(second person), or the one spoken about (third person).
Examples:
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular
I, me, my, mine
you, your, yours
he, him, his, she
her, hers, it, its
Plural
we, us, our, ours
you, your, yours
they, them, their,
theirs
Refers to the subject and is necessary to the meaning of the
sentence
Examples:
Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, itself…
Intensive Pronouns
Emphasizes a noun or another pronoun and is unnecessary to the
meaning of the sentence
Demonstrative
pronoun
Points out a person place, thing or idea
Examples:
This
That
These
Those
Interrogative pronouns Introduces a question
Examples:
What
Which
Indefinite pronouns
Who
Whom
Whose
Refers to a person, place, thing or idea that may not be
specifically named.
Examples:
All
each
Any
either
many
more
nobody other
none
several
Practice
1. The drama teacher said she would postpone the rehearsal
2. Does Michelle, who is traveling to Thailand, have her passport
and ticket?
3. “I want you to study,” Mrs. Yee says to the class.
4. The students made lunch for themselves.
5. Of all United States Olympic victories, perhaps none were
more satisfying than Jesse Owens’s 1936 triumphs in the 200meter dash and broad jump.
Adjectives
A word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun
Modify means to describe the word or to make its meaning more
definite
Tells what kind
which one/ones
how much/many
Examples:
Seventh grade
Several days
No marbles
Italian children
Articles
The most commonly used adjectives a, an, and the
Practice
1. On winter afternoons, I sometimes walk home after band
practice rather than ride on a crowded, noisy bus.
2. I hardly even notice the heavy traffic that streams past me on
the street.
3. The wet sidewalk glistens in the bright lights from the
windows of stores.
4. The stoplights throw green, yellow, and red splashes on the
pavement.
5. After I turn the corner away from the busy avenue, I am on a
quiet street, where a jolly snowman often stands next to one
of the neighborhood houses.
Verb
A word that expresses action or a state of being
Examples:
We celebrated the Chinese New Year yesterday.
The holiday is usually in February.
Action Verb
A verb that expresses either physical or mental activity
Examples:
Owls hooted all night.
Mrs. Byler plays volleyball.
She thought about the problem
I believe you.
Linking Verbs
A verb that expresses a state of being. It connects, or links, the
subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the
subject.
Examples:
Channing Tatum is an actor.
The children remained quiet.
Be Verbs
Am
To be
is
being
was
been
were
are
Other linking verbs
Appear
Look
Sound
grow
smell
turn
seem
taste
stay
feel
become
remain
Some can be both action and linking:
Amy looked through the telescope.
Amy looked pale.
Helping Verbs
also known as an auxiliary verb, it helps the main verb express
action or a state of being
Examples:
Can speak
Were sent
Verb phrase
has been named
should have been caught
Contains one main verb and one or more helping verbs
Practice
1. Have you ever visited Redwood National Park?
2. The giant trees there can be an awesome sight.
3. For centuries, these trees have been an important part of the
environment of the northwest United States.
4. More than 85 percent of the original redwood forest has been
destroyed over the years.
5. With better planning years ago, more of the forest might have
been saved.
Adverbs
A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another verb.
It makes the meaning of a verb, adjective, or another adverb
more definite.
They answer the following questions:
Where
When
How
How often or How long
To what extent or how much
Examples:
The sprinter ran swiftly.
I read the funny pages early on Sunday morning.
Jolene was comforting a very small child.
Adverb or Adjective?
Many adverbs end in –ly. These adverbs are generally formed by
adding –ly to adjectives.
Adjective
Clear
Quiet
Convincing
+
-ly
-ly
-ly
-ly
=
=
Adverb
clearly
quietly
convincingly
Which is correct?
I am having a (real, really) good time.
Tim drove (safe, safely).
He spoke too (quiet, quietly).
Practice
1. In this story, a nameless character goes outdoors on a terribly
cold day in the Yukon.
2. Soon both the dog’s muzzle and the man’s beard are frosted
with ice.
3. Along the way, the man accidentally falls into a stream.
4. Soaked and chilled, he desperately builds a fire under a tree.
5. Based on what you now know about the story, what kind of
ending would you write for “To Build a Fire”?
Prepositions
A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to
another word.
Examples:
The cat walked through the door.
The cat walked toward the door.
The cat walked past the door.
Practice
1. We practiced karate ________ dinner.
2. She jumped up an ran _______ the park.
3. A boat with red sails sailed ______ the river.
4. The hungry dog crawled ______ the fence.
5. Put the speakers ______ the stage.
Prepositional Phrase
Includes the preposition, a noun, or pronoun called the object of
the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.
Examples:
You can press those leaves under glass.
Fred stood in front of us.
The book in my new bag are heavy.
Practice
1. Robert Peary and Mathew Henson searched for the North
Pole for many years.
2. Henson traveled with Peary on every expedition expedition
except for the first one.
1. However, for a long time, Henson received no credit for his
role.
1. Peary had hired Henson as an assistant on a trip Peary made
to Nicaragua.
Preposition or Adverb? Some words can be used as both.
Remember that a preposition ALWAYS has an object and an
adverb NEVER does!
If you can’t tell whether a word is used as an adverb or
preposition, look for an object.
I haven’t seen him since.
I haven’t seen him since Thursday.
The bear walked around.
The bear walked around the forest.
Conjunction
A word that joins words or word groups
Coordinating
Conjunction
Join words or word groups that are used in the same way
Examples:
And
But
So
Yetc
For
Nor
Or
Josie, Hanna, Jill, or Anna
Across town, over the river, and through the woods
• Coordinating conjunctions that join independent clauses are
almost always preceded by a comma. When for is used as a
conjunction, there should always be a comma in front of it.
c
Correlative
Conjunctions
Pairs of conjunctions that join words or word groups that are used
in the same way.
Examples:
Both…and
Either… or
Whether…or
not only…but also
neither… nor
Both Bill Russell and Larry Bird played for the team.
She looked neither to the left nor to the right.
Practice
1. I wanted to go to the beach, but it rained all weekend.
2. Our class is recycling not only newspapers but also glass
bottles and aluminum cans.
3. He set the table with chopsticks and rice bowls.
Interjections
A word that expresses emotion
Examples:
Aha
ouch
Hey
oh
Hurray oops
wow
yikes
well
Ouch! That hurts
Aha! I know the answer.
Oh, I wish it were Friday.
Well, what have you been doing?
Practice
1. _____! The heel just fell off my shoe.
2. There’s, ______, seven dollars in my wallet.
3. _____! Squirrels, stop eating my food!