Transcript Conditional sentences and wishes

CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES AND WISHES
Chapter 20
OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERB FORM
USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Situation
If-Clause
Result Clause
Examples
True in the Present or
Future
Simple present
Will + simple form
If I have enough time,
I watch TV every
evening.
If I have enough time,
I will watch TV later on
tonight.
Untrue in the Present
or Future
Simple past
Would + simple form
If I had enough time, I
would watch TV (now
or in the future).
Untrue in the Past
Past perfect
Would have + past
participle
If I had enough time, I
would have watched
TV yesterday.
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH
THE VERBS IN PARENTHESES
• I usually send my parents an email every week. That is a true fact. In other
words:
• If I (have) ________________ enough time, I (send) ____________ my parents an
email every week.
• I may have enough time to send my parents an email later tonight. I want to
send them an email tonight. Both of those things are true. In other words:
• If I (have)___________enough time, I (send) ___________ my parents an email
later tonight.
• I don’t have enough time right now, so I won’t send my parents an email. I’ll
try to do it later. I want to email them, but the truth is that I just don’t have
enough time right now. In other words:
• If I (have) _________ enough time right now, I (send) ____________ my parents
an email.
• I won’t have enough time tonight, so I won’t send my parents an email. I’ll
try to do it tomorrow. I want to email them, but the truth is I just won’t have
enough time. In other words:
• If I (have) __________ enough time later tonight, I (send) ____________my
parents an email.
• I wanted to send my parents an email last night, but I didn’t have enough
time. In other words:
• If I (have) ______________ enough time, I (send) _________________ my parents
an email last night.
TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
• In conditional sentences that express true, factual ideas in the present or future, the
simple present (NOT the simple future) is used in the IF-clause.
• The result clause (THEN-clause) has various possible forms.
• SIMPLE PRESENT = expresses a habitual activity or situation
• If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class.
• SIMPLE PRESENT OR SIMPLE FUTURE = expresses an established, predictable fact or general truth
• Water freezes/will freeze if the temperature reaches 32 degrees F/0 degrees C.
• SIMPLE FUTURE = expresses a particular activity or situation in the future
• If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class.
• MODALS and IMPERATIVE VERBS can also be used to express other outcomes
•
•
•
•
•
If it rains, we should stay home.
If it rains, I might decide to stay home.
If it rains, we can’t go.
If it rains, we’re going to stay home.
If anyone calls, please take a message.
TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
• Sometimes SHOULD is used in an IF-clause.
• It indicates a little more uncertainty than the use of the simple present, but
basically the meaning is the same whether SHOULD is used or not.
• If anyone calls, please take a message.
• If anyone should call, please take a message.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT VERB
(BOTH ANSWERS MAY BE CORRECT)
• If I find out the answer, I will let / let you know.
• If I have extra time, I tutor / am going to tutor students in math.
• If it snows, the roads are / will be closed.
• If you run up a hill, your heart beats / will beat faster.
• If it should rain tomorrow, we might change / will change our plans.
• If my cell phone battery goes dead, I will recharge / would recharge it.
LISTENING PRACTICE
• Complete Exercise 6, p. 418
UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN
THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
• If-Clause = Simple Past
• Then Clause = Would + Simple Form
• If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give tests.
• If they were here right now, they would help us.
• If I were you, I would accept their invitation.
• Note: Were is used for both singular and plural subjects. Was (with
I/he/she/it) is sometimes used in informal speech (If I was you…), but this is
not acceptable in writing.
WOULD VS. COULD
• If I had enough money, I would buy a car.
• The speaker wants a car, but doesn’t have enough money.
• WOULD expresses desired or predictable results.
• If I had enough money, I could buy a car.
• The speaker is expressing one possible result.
• COULD expresses possible options
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercises 8 and 10, p. 419-420
UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT)
IN THE PAST
• Past Perfect If-Clause – Would Have + Past Participle Result Clause:
• If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you.
• Meaning: In truth, you did NOT tell me about it, so I did NOT help you.
• If they had studied, they would have passed the exam.
• Meaning: In truth, they did not study, so they failed the exam.
• If I hadn’t slipped on the stairs, I wouldn’t have broken my arm.
• Meaning: In truth, I slipped on the stairs, so I DID break my arm.
UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT)
IN THE PAST
• Note: when speaking, the auxiliary verbs (have/has) are often reduced
• (Sometimes in very informal speech they may be dropped/not pronounced all
together):
• If you’d told me, I would’ve helped you.
• OR
• If you’d told me, I-duv helped you.
• Sometimes the ‘d on you is not pronounced either
UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT)
IN THE PAST
• Would VS. Could
• Would expressed a desired or predictable result:
• If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.
• Buying the car is what I wanted to do if I had the money/would have been the
preferred thing for me to do with the money
• Could expresses a possible option:
• If I had had enough money, I could have bought a car.
• Buying the car is one possible thing I could have done with the money
DECIDE IF EACH SENTENCE IS
TRUE OR UNTRUE
• If the weather is warm, we’ll eat outdoors.
• If the weather were warm, we would eat outdoors.
• If the weather had been warm, we would have eaten outdoors.
• If I had more money, I would work less.
• If I had more money, I would have worked less.
• If I take time off from work, I feel more relaxed.
• If I hadn’t had to work, I could have seen you.
• If I didn’t have to work, I could see you.
LISTENING PRACTICE
• Complete Exercises 20 (p. 424) and 22 (p. 426)
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercises 15, 16, 17, 21, and 23 p. 422-426
USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS
IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
• Even in conditional sentences, progressive verb forms are used in progressive
situations (chart 1-2 on p. 3 reviews when to use progressive forms)
• True: It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk.
• Conditional: If it were raining right now, I would go for a walk.
• True: It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk.
• Conditional: If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk.
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercise 27, p 428
USING “MIXED TIME” IN
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
• Frequently the time in the if-clause and the result clause are different:
• One clause may be in the present and the other in the past.
• The past and present times are mixed in these sentences.
• True: I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
• Did not eat = past + am hungry = present
• Conditional: If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be
hungry now.
• Had eaten = past untrue conditional + would not be hungry = present untrue
conditional
USING “MIXED TIME” IN
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
• Another Example:
• He is not a good student. He did not study for the test yesterday.
• Is not = present + did not study = past
• If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday.
• Were = present untrue conditional + would have studied = past untrue
conditional
CHANGE EACH STATEMENT TO A
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
• Example:
• I’m hungry now because I didn’t eat dinner.
• Hungry = present
/
didn’t eat = past
• If I’d eaten dinner, I wouldn’t be hungry now.
• The room is full of flies because you left the door open.
• You are tired this morning because you didn’t go to bed early enough last
night.
• I didn’t finish my report yesterday, so I can’t begin a new project today.
• I’m not you, so I didn’t tell him the truth.
• I don’t know anything about plumbing, so I didn’t fix the leak in the sink
myself.
• Anita got sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders.
OMITTING IF
• With were and had (past perfect) sometimes IF is omitted and the subject
and verb are inverted (they swap places):
• If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
• Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
• If I had known, I would have told you.
• Had I known, I would have told you.
• If anyone should call, please take a message.
• Should anyone call, please take a message
OMITTING IF
• IF can also be omitted with should, but in these cases Should gets moved in
front of the S+V:
• If anyone should call, please take a message.
• Should anyone call, please take a message
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercise 31, p. 429
IMPLIED CONDITIONS
• Often, the IF-clause is implied, not stated.
• Usually the implied IF-clause comes after the result
• The result clause still uses conditional verbs
• Examples:
• If I hadn’t had to study, I would have gone with you.
• I would have gone with you, but I had to study.
• If you hadn’t helped me, I never would have succeeded.
• I never would have succeeded without your help.
IMPLIED CONDITIONS
• Conditional verbs are frequently used following otherwise:
• If she had not run, she would have missed the bus.
• She ran; otherwise, she would have missed the bus.
• If she had not studied hard for the test, she would not have passed it.
• She studied hard for the test; otherwise, she would not have passed it.
CHANGE THE IMPLIED CONDITIONS TO
SENTENCES INCLUDING AN IF-CLAUSE
• Example:
• I would have visited you, but I didn’t know that you were at home.
• I would have visited you if I had know you were at home.
• OR
• If I had known you were at home, I would have visited you.
• Ift wouldn’t have been a good meeting without Rosa.
• I would have answered the phone, but I didn’t hear it ring.
• I couldn’t have finished the work without your help.
• I would have gone to Nepal last summer, but I didn’t have enough money.
• I stepped on the brakes. Otherwise, I would have hit the child on the
bicycle.
• Olga turned down the volume on the speakers. Otherwise, the neighbors
probably would have called to complain about the noise.
• Tarek would have finished his education, but he had to quit school and find
a job in order to support his family.
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercise 36, p. 431-432
• Complete Exercise 37, p. 432-433 – come up with one completion for each.
VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
• Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different (for the situation
to be the opposite of what it actually is)
• I wish + noun clause (see chart 12-5 p. 253 to review noun clauses)
• Past verb forms, similar to those in conditional sentences, are used in the
noun clause.
VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
• A wish about the future:
• True: She will not tell me.
• Wish: I wish (that) she would tell me.
• Would, the past tense of will, is used to make a wish about the future.
• True: He isn’t going to be here.
• Wish: I wish (that) he were going to be here.
• Were going to be (the past tense of is going to be), is used to make a wish about the future.
• Note that as with untrue present/future conditionals, WERE is used regardless of whether the
subject is singular or plural
• True: She can’t come tomorrow.
• Wish: I wish (that) she could come tomorrow.
VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
• Wishes about the present:
• True: I don’t know French.
• Wish: I wish I knew French.
• The simple past (knew) is used to make a wish about the present.
• True: It is raining right now.
• I wish it weren’t raining right now.
• Weren’t raining (past tense for is raining) is used to make a wish about the
present.
• I can’t speak Japanese.
• I wish I could speak Japanese.
VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH
• Wishes about the past:
• Truth: John didn’t come.
• Wish: I wish John had come.
• The past perfect (had come) is used to make a wish about the past.
• Truth: Mary couldn’t come.
• Wish: I wish Mary could have come.
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercises 40 and 42, p. 434-435
USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES
ABOUT THE FUTURE
• Would is usually used to indicate that the speaker wants something to
happen or wants someone else to do something in the future.
• The wish may or may not come true.
• It is raining. I wish it would stop.
• Meaning: I want it to stop raining.
• I’m expecting a call. I wish the phone would ring.
• Meaning: I want the phone to ring.
USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES
ABOUT THE FUTURE
• I wish you would….. If often used to make a request:
• It’s going to be a good party. I wish you would come.
• Meaning: I want you to come to the party/I’m asking you to come to the party.
• We’re going to be late. I wish you would hurry up.
• Meaning: I’m asking you to please be faster.
LISTENING PRACTICE
• Complete Exercise 45, p. 436-437
PRACTICE
• Complete Exercise 44, p. 436
• Complete chapter review handout.