Transcript AD2-Unit19-Legendary..

LCE003
Project English
Unit 19
Legendary Britain
TSIM Kam Wan
Part 1 - Grammar - Passive Construction
(Page 83)
When/Where/Why/What/How
do we use passive voice?
Where do we find the usage of passive voice?
– This form is often used in English,
especially in things like newspaper reports.
Why do we use passive voice?
We use passive constructions to show: • We’re not sure of the truth of the
statement.
• We want to distance ourselves from the
issue.
Part 1 - Why?
Passive Construction
The passive is used when you move the focus of an active
sentence from the subject to the object.
Example
– Shakespeare wrote Hamlet
– Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
• In the first example I'm more interested in
Shakespeare himself
• In the second example I'm concentrating on the play,
Hamlet, and not on the person who wrote it.
• Normally, the passive form is often associated with
written and/or more formal language.
• Using the active form can make writing appear more
vivid and alive, while using the passive can hide identity.
(Agent)
Part 1 - Why? The agent
The agent would be the subject of an active sentence .
It is introduced using by:
– That film was directed by Hitchcock.
– The prisoner was shot by the police trying to
escape.
You don't need to include the agent if you don't know
it, if it doesn't matter, or if it's obvious:
– He was arrested yesterday
(by the police, obviously).
– The building I live in was built in the 1920s
(but I don't know who built it, and it doesn't
matter anyway).
– You aren't allowed to smoke in here
(by law? by the management?).
Part 1 - What? Passive Formation
The passive is very easy to form:
subject + to be in relevant tense + past participle
Just change the verb to be to whatever tense you need. The
past participle never changes.
The work
is
is being
was
was being
has been
had been
will be
will have been
done.
There are passive infinitives and gerunds which are also
formed with the verb to be:
– The work should be finished by Friday.
– No work needs to be done over the weekend.
– Being punished for bad behaviour is normal at school.
– Potatoes have to be washed before being cooked.
Part 1 - What?
Impersonal use of Passive voice
Structures:
1. It + passive reporting verb + that + clause
2. Subject + passive reporting verb + to infinitive
Example
– It is said that twenty people have died in the explosion.
– Twenty people are said to have died in the explosion.
– It is believed that the prime minister is on the point of
resigning.
– The prime minister is believed to be on the point of
resigning.
– It was agreed that the strike would end at midnight.
– It has been estimated that 200 new jobs will be created.
Part 1- Task 1 - Verbs List
• Can you think of 10 verbs which we
can use with these passive construction
in report/news to show your opinion in
an objective way?
Part 1 – Task 1 - Reporting Verbs
verb +
object +
infinitive
verb +
infinitive
verb +
(that)
verb +
gerund
verb +
verb +
object +
preposition
preposition + gerund
+ gerund
advise
encourage
invite
remind
warn
Explain
Thank
Warn
Offer
Promise
Suggest
point
agree
decide
offer
promise
refuse
threaten
Complain
promise
agree
decide
deny
explain
insist
promise
recommend
suggest
Complain
Thank
Warn
Offer
Promise
Argue
Point
admit
deny
recommend
suggest
admit
accuse
blame
congratulate
Thank
Apologize
warn
Reporting verbs: believe, calculate, claim, consider,
discover, estimate, feel, hope, know, prove, report,
say, show, think, understand
apologize
insist
Complain
Apologize
argue
Part 1 – Task 2 - Reporting Verbs
•
Check the following reporting verbs
whether it can fit into the sentence structure
with that clause or to infinite by writing a
sentence for each.
Structures:
1. It + passive reporting verb + that + clause
2. Subject + passive reporting verb + to
infinitive
•
Reporting verbs: believe, calculate, claim,
consider, discover, estimate, feel, hope, know,
prove, report, say, show, think, understand
Part 1- Task 3 - Passive Voice
Rewrite the following sentences using it and a
suitable passive construction. (Page 83)
1. Arthur was born in Tintagel
• It is said that Arthur was born in
Tintagel
2. Arthur pulled a sword out of a stone and
became king.
3. Monks found Arthur and Guinevere’s
remains.
4. Arthur was buried at Glastonbury.
5. Carmarthen will be destroyed if they cut
down Merlin’s Oak.
6. Arthur will return if English is in danger
again.
Part 1- Task 3 - Passive Voice
1. Arthur was born in Tintagel
• It is said that Arthur was born in Tintagel
2. Arthur pulled a sword out of a stone and became king.
• It is believed that Arthur pulled a sword out of a
stone and became king.
3. Monks found Arthur and Guinevere’s remains.
• It is reported that Monks found Arthur and
Guinevere’s remains.
4. Arthur was buried at Glastonbury.
• It is understood that Arthur was buried at
Glastonbury.
5. Carmarthen will be destroyed if they cut down Merlin’s
Oak.
• It was expected that Carmarthen would be destroyed
if they cut down Merlin’s Oak.
6. Arthur will return if English is in danger again.
• It is said that Arthur will return if English is in
danger again.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
We use past modal verbs to speculate about
the past and draw logical conclusions based
on known facts.
1. To talk about something which
possibly happened or was true in the
past. (may have, might have)
2. To talk about something which
probably/certainly happened or was
true in the past. (must have)
3. To talk about something which
probably certainly didn’t happen or
was not true in the past. (can’t have)
4. To expresses a feeling of disbelief or
impossibility. (couldn’t have)
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
We use past modal verbs to speculate about the past and draw
logical conclusions based on known facts.
Facts
The Easter Island
statues are made of
stone.
•
•
The statues are very •
big.
Conclusions
The islanders must
have had sharp
tools.
The stone must not
have been too hard
for the tools they
had.
The islanders had
to have moved
them with ropes.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
When we are less certain, we speculate, or express
possibilities with may have, might have, can’t have and
could have for past situation.
Facts
Conclusions
Archaeologists
• Space beings may have
found pictures of
visited that culture.
winged creatures. • Local artists might have
recorded visits by space
beings.
• We can’t have proved their
existence without these
pictures.
• The pictures could have
shown mythological
creatures and not visitors
from outer space.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
Use the modals should have, ought to have, could have
and might have to talk about actions that were
advisable in the past. When we use these modals, we
often communicate a sense of regret or blame.
1. I should’ve applied to college.
• (I didn’t apply to college. I’m sorry that I
didn’t do it.)
2. I ought to have take the job at the bank.
• (I didn’t take the job. That was a mistake.)
3. She could’ve gone to a much better school.
• (She didn’t go to a good school although it
was possible for her.)
4. You might’ve let me know sooner.
• (You didn’t let me know. That was impolite.)
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
There is no past form (-ed),
A modal verb
no present participle (-ing)
always has the
and no 3rd persons singular
same form:
(-s).
Modal Verbs of Probability
Examples
Usage
David may invite Jessica to the
match.
'might' or 'may' to
He may have invited Jessica to the Use
express an opinion that
party
you think has a good
possibility of being true.
She might come this evening.
Jack might have gone to France.
Use 'must' plus the verb
They must be in Spain by now.
when you are 100% (or
She must have done well on the
almost 100%) sure that
test.
something is the case.
Use 'could' to express a
possibility which is one of
Jane could be at work.
many. This form is not as
Peter could have arrived late.
strong as 'might' or 'may'.
It is just one of a number
You can't be serious!
of possibilities.
They can't have worked until late. Use 'can't' to express an
opinion that you are 100%
sure is NOT true.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
Task 1 - Page 85 (2)
1. His car is wrecked.
• He must have had an accident.
2. She’s crying.
3. He looked terrified.
4. I’m sure I heard a strange noise
outside.
5. She seems tired.
6. He’s still laughing about the film last
night.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
Task 1- Page 85 (2)
1. His car is wrecked.
• He must have had an accident.
2. She’s crying.
• She may have heard some bad news.
3. He looked terrified.
• He must have seen something
frightening.
4. I’m sure I heard a strange noise outside.
• It might have been the wind.
5. She seems tired.
• She can’t have slept at all last night.
6. He’s still laughing about the film last
night.
• He must have enjoyed it.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
Task 2 - Matching
Facts
1. Macro Polo visited
every place he
described in his book.
2. Bill Gates didn’t have
a degree in computer.
Conclusion
A. He could have learned
the subject matter on his
own.
B. He must have traveled a
lot.
3. Bob Marley’s music
CDs were sold
millions of copies.
C. They must not have
believed his theories.
4. As soon as Albert
Einstein published
his book, scientist
attacked him
D. He must have made a lot
of money.
Part 2 - Grammar-Past modal verbs
Task 2 - Matching
Facts
Conclusion
1. Macro Polo visited
B A. He could have learned
every place he
the subject matter on his
described in his book.
own.
2. Bill Gates didn’t have A B. He must have traveled a
a degree in computer.
lot.
3. Bob Marley’s music
CDs were sold
millions of copies.
D C. They must not have
believed his theories.
4. As soon as Albert
Einstein published
his book, scientist
attacked him
C D. He must have made a lot
of money.
Part 3 – Vocabulary – Quotation
Fill in the blank with the words of appropriate form on page 84
1. To be a ______ is the exception; to be upright is the
rule. Err, falter, sin, but be upright. To commit the
least possible sin is the law for man. Sin is a
gravitation. (Victor Hugo)
2. Doubting God's existence is okay and perfectly
acceptable within ___________ as long as the
person doubting remains obedient and committed
to the Christian path. (Real Live Preacher)
3. My fellow Americans, I am pleased to tell you I just
signed legislation which _______ Russia forever.
The bombing begins in five minutes. (Ronald
Reagan)
4. Science is facts; just as houses are made of _____, so
is science made of facts; but a pile of _______ is not
a house and a collection of facts is not necessarily
science. (Henri Poincare)
5. You can no more win a war than you can win an
_____________. (Jeannette Rankin)
Part 3 – Vocabulary – Quotation
Fill in the blank with the words of appropriate form on page 84
6. Language exerts hidden power, like a moon on the
________. (Rita Mae Brown)
7. If you have built _____ in the air, your work need not
be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the
foundations under them. (Henry David Thoreau)
8. Being in a ship is like being in a jail, with the chance
of being __________. (Samuel Johnson)
9. With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my
bended arm for a pillow - I have still joy in the midst
of these things. Riches and honors acquired by
unrighteousness are to me as a ________ cloud.
(Confucius)
10.We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men
are created equal; that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain _________ rights; that among
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
(US Declaration of Independence)
Part 3 – Vocabulary – Quotation
Fill in the blank with the words of appropriate form on page 84
1. To be a saint is the exception; to be upright is the
rule. Err, falter, sin, but be upright. To commit the
least possible sin is the law for man. Sin is a
gravitation. (Victor Hugo)
2. Doubting God's existence is okay and perfectly
acceptable within Christianity as long as the person
doubting remains obedient and committed to the
Christian path. (Real Live Preacher)
3. My fellow Americans, I am pleased to tell you I just
signed legislation which outlaws Russia forever.
The bombing begins in five minutes. (Ronald
Reagan)
4. Science is facts; just as houses are made of stones,
so is science made of facts; but a pile of stones is not
a house and a collection of facts is not necessarily
science. (Henri Poincare)
5. You can no more win a war than you can win an
earthquake. (Jeannette Rankin)
Part 3 – Vocabulary – Quotation
Fill in the blank with the words of appropriate form on page 84
6. Language exerts hidden power, like a moon on the
tides. (Rita Mae Brown)
7. If you have built castles in the air, your work need
not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the
foundations under them. (Henry David Thoreau)
8. Being in a ship is like being in a jail, with the chance
of being drowned. (Samuel Johnson)
9. With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my
bended arm for a pillow - I have still joy in the midst
of these things. Riches and honors acquired by
unrighteousness are to me as a floating cloud.
(Confucius)
10.We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men
are created equal; that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
(US Declaration of Independence)