Transcript Ch 4 Present Perfect and Past Perfectx

PRESENT PERFECT
AND PAST PERFECT
Ch. 4
Past Participle (4-1)
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The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb (see chart 3-4, p. 31 if you have
forgotten the verb parts)
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The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT and PAST PERFECT tenses.
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The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the simple past form: both end in –ed.
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Irregular verbs have special past participle forms. See the inside front and back covers of
your book for a list of irregular verbs.
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Finish
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Finished
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Finished
(Regular)
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Stop
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Stopped
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Stopped
(Regular)
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See
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Saw
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Seen
(Irregular)
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Make
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Made
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Made
(Irregular)
Practice
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Complete Exercise 2 (just write the past participle form – no listening) and
Exercise 3, p. 82
The Present Perfect (4-2)
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https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=present+perfect+brown+cow+english&ei
=UTF-8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-002
Present Perfect
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Subject + Have (Has) + Past Participle
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You have studied English.
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The dogs have eaten dinner.
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They have found the answers.
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He has graduated from college.
Present Perfect
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Contractions with have/has:
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I have – I’ve
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You have –You’ve
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He has – He’s
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She has – She’s
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It has – It’s
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We have – We’ve
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They have – They’ve
Practice
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____________ (you/eat) in the new cafeteria yet?
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No, but I ____________(hear) that it’s very good and very fast. It seems the dean
finally _________________ (began) to understand that most students don’t have
time for such long breaks.
Practice
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How long _________________ (Tom/be) married?
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He __________ (be) married for only a year, but he and his wife
____________(know) each other since they were in college.
Practice
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I ____________ (not/send) my parents any email for a week. They probably think
that something terrible ____________ (happen) to me.
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I’m surprised that they ____________ (not/call) or _____________ (write) you.
Practice
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We had a long list of things to do. What _________________ (we/do) so far?
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Well, we ___________ (make) a lot of progress. So far, I __________ (do) the
laundry, you __________ (sweep) the kitchen, and Eric ____________ (buy) the
groceries. But we still ____________ (not/take) the clothes to the cleaners.
Present Perfect with For & Since
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We can use present perfect with for and since to express situations that began in
the past and continue to the present:
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We have been in class since 8:30 a.m.
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I have had my dogs for two years.
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I have lived in Houston since 2014.
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She has been in class for three hours.
Since
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Since is followed by a SPECIFIC point in time
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7:30 p.m, Thursday, last week, November, 2001, the 1980s, etc..
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Since expresses the idea that something began at a specific time in the past and continues
to the present
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Note: we do NOT use since with present progressive, simple present or simple past.
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I have been here:
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Since 7:30 a.m.
Since Tuesday
Since 2009
Since yesterday
Since last month
Since
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Since can also introduce a time clause.
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Since + Subject + Verb
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The present perfect is used in the main (independent) clause and the simple past is
used in the since-clause:
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I have lived here since I was a child.
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I have taught here since I moved to Houston.
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She has made many friends since she started classes.
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They have done a lot of work on the house since they moved in.
For
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For is followed by the mention of a length of time:
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A minute, an hour, four hours, nine days, six weeks, two years, etc.
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I have been here:
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For ten minutes
For two hours
For five days
For three weeks
For six months
For many years
For a long time
For or Since?
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Blake Mycoskie has started five businesses since/for he graduated from college.
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Bill gates has worked part-time for Microsoft and part-time for the Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation since/for the past several years.
For or Since?
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Bill Gates has given over $28 billion to charity since/for 2007.
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Oprah Winfrey has helped poor people since/for many years.
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Since/For the last several years, the actor George Clooney has spent a great deal
of time trying to help end the conflict in Darfur, Sudan.
Practicce
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Complete exercises 5, 6, 7, and 9 – p. 84-86
Negative Statements (4-3)
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Subject + Have + Not + Past Participle
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Have Not = Haven’t
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He has not studied Farsi.
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We have not discovered the answer yet.
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The dogs have not had their shots.
Yes/No Questions (4-3)
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Have + Subject + Past Participle
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Have you studied English?
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Have you done your homework for writing class?
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Has she learned Chinese yet?
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Have you cooked dinner?
Short Answers
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YES:
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Yes, subject + have
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NO:
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No, subject + have + not (haven’t)
Ever and Never in Questions (4-3)
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Questions with EVER frequently use the present perfect
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When answering NO to a question with ever, speakers often use NEVER as a reply
with the present perfect.
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Ever = in your lifetime (from the time you were born up to the present moment)
Never = at NO time in your life up to now
Examples:
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Have you ever met a celebrity?
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Have you ever failed a class?
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No, I have never met a celebrity.
No, I have never failed a class.
Have you ever owned a cat?
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No, I have never owned a cat.
Practice
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__________ (hear) any good jokes lately?
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__________ (take) your vacation yet?
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__________ (eat) at that restaurant?
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__________ (find) my keys?
Fun Practice!
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Listen to “Never Been to Spain.” as sung by the KING of Rock and Roll – Elvis
Presley!
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Complete the worksheet
Practice
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Complete Exercises 11 and 13, p. 87-88
Present Perfect w/ Unspecified Time (4-4)
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The present perfect can be used to express an activity or situation that occurred (or did not
occur) at some unspecified or unknown time in the past (any point before now)
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Common time words that express unspecified time are JUST, RECENTLY, ALREADY, YET,
EVER, NEVER
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He has just finished the test.
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She has already completed level 3.
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I have not yet studied for the test.
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He has never learned how to drive a car.
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They have recently moved to Houston.
Present Perfect w/ Unspecified Time (4-4)
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An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now at unspecified
times in the past, or just once.
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She has just finished class.
(just once)
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I have eaten there several times.
(more than once)
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He has already taken the TSI test.
(just once)
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He has already taken the TSI test twice.
(more than once)
Already (4-4)
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Already is used in affirmative statements.
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Already = something happened before now/before this time
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It can come after the helping verb (have/has) OR at the end of the sentence.
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I have already studied for the test.
I have studied for the test already.
He has already left for the gym.
He has left for the gym already.
Yet (4-4)
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Yet is used in negative statements.
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Yet = Something DID NOT happen before now, BUT it MAY happen in the future
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MOST of the time it comes at the END of the sentence – NOT after the helping
verb.
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I have not cleaned the house yet.
He has not finished the quiz yet.
I have not given the dogs a bath yet.
They have not been to Rio yet.
Both already and yet can be used in questions
Fun Practice!
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Listen to the song “My Way,” sung by the King of Rock and Roll – Elvis Presley!
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Fill in the verb forms as you hear them.
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Circle the present perfect verb forms.
Practice
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Complete Exercises 16 and 18, p. 91-92
Simple Past vs. Present Perfect (4-5)
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I finished my work two hours ago.
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I have already finished my work.
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The present perfect expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified time (or times) in
the past
Ann was on vacation for two weeks.
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The simple past expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or times) in the past
I have visited England twice.
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I finished my work at an UNSPECIFIED time in the past
I visited England in 2006 and 2007.
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I finished my work at a SPECIFIC time in the past
Where for is used in a time expression, simple past expresses an activity that both began
AND ended in the past
Ann has been on vacation for two weeks.
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Where for is used in a time expression, present perfect expresses an activity that began in the
past and continues to now
What’s the Difference?
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She’s been skinny all her life.
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VS.
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She was slender all of her life.
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Don’t accidently “kill” a person – watch your verb tenses!!!
Another Example:
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I have worked there for 10 years.
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VS.
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I worked there for 10 years.
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Don’t accidently “quit” your job – watch your verb tenses!
Another Example:
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She studied English last year. (definite time)
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VS.
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She has studied English. (indefinite time)
Another Example
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The dogs got their shots last week. (definite)
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VS.
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The dogs have had their shots. (indefinite)
As a Class
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Look at Exercise 22, p. 94
Practice
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Complete Exercise 24, p. 95-96
Present Perfect Progressive
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The present perfect progressive talks about HOW LONG an activity has been in
progress before now.
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Since and For are frequently used with this tense
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Al and Ann are in their car right now. They are driving home it is now 4:00 p.m.
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They have been driving since 2:00 p.m.
They have been driving for two hours.
They will be home soon.
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Note the idea that the activity started in the past, continues to now, and probably will continue
into the future.
Present Perfect Progressive
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Statement:
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Have/has + been + verb-ing
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He has been coming to class every day.
She has been studying hard since the last test.
They have been living in Houston for three years.
Negative:
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Have/has + not + been + verb-ing
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(Note: NOT a past participle!!!)
He has not been coming to class often enough.
She has not been studying very hard this semester.
They have not been living here very long.
Question:
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Have/has + subject + been + verb-ing
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Has he been coming to class every day?
Has she been studying hard?
Have they been living in Houston for very long?
Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect
Progressive (4-6)
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The present progressive describes an activity that is in progress right now. It does
NOT discuss duration (length of time).
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She is sitting in class right now.
The students are taking notes now.
The teacher is talking (now).
The present perfect progressive expresses the duration (length of time) of an
activity that began in the past and is in progress right now.
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She has been sitting in class for three hours.
The students have been taking notes since class began.
The teacher has been talking for the entire class.
Reminder about non-action (stative)
verbs:
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Non-action (stative) verbs are not used with progressive tenses (including present
and past progressive AND present and past perfect progressive)
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(Examples: know, like, own, belong)
When you have a non-action verb and need to use a present tense, use present
perfect with for or since to express the duration of the situation:
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I have known her for two years.
I have liked that author’s books for several years.
She has owned that Jeep since 2007.
They have belonged to the team since March.
Practice
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Complete Exercise 29, p. 99
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Complete Exercise 30, p. 99 (write full sentences for your answers)
Present Perfect Progressive vs. Present
Perfect (4-7)
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The present perfect progressive expresses the duration of present activities, using
action verbs. The activity began in the past and is still in progress in the present
(now).
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Gina and Tarik are talking on the phone. They have been talking for 20 minutes.
The present perfect expresses either repeated activities that occurred at
unspecified time in the past OR the duration of present situations using non-action
verbs.
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Gina has talked to Tarik on the phone many times. (unspecified time in the past)
Gina has known Tarik for two years. (duration of present situation using non-action verb)
Present Perfect Progressive vs. Present
Perfect (4-7)
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For some (not all) verbs, duration can be expressed by either the present perfect
or present perfect progressive.
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Either tense can often be used with verbs that express the duration of USUAL OR
HABITUIAL activities or situations
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Things that happen daily or regularly
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Live, work, teach, smoke, wear glasses, play chess, go to school, read the same newspaper
every morning, etc.
Present Perfect Progressive vs. Present
Perfect (4-7)
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I have been living here for three years.
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I have lived here for three years.
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You have been coming to class since August.
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You have come to class since August.
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They have been working at Sprint for two weeks.
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They have worked at Sprint for two weeks.
Practice
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Complete Exercises 33, 35, 38, 39, and 40 (part I only) – p. 102-108
Grammar in Writing
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Complete Part II of Exercise 40, p. 107
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Paragraphs should be 3-4 sentences long each
DUE FOR A HOMEWORK GRADE NEXT CLASS PERIOD
Past Perfect (4-8)
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The past perfect is used when the speaker is talking about 2 different events at 2 different
times in the past. (One event happened BEFORE the second event happened.)
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To show the time relationship between the two events, we use the past perfect for the
event that happened FIRST. We use simple past for the event that happened second.
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Situation: Jack Left his apartment at 2:00. Sue arrived at his apartment at 2:15 and
knocked on the door.
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First: Jack left
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Second: Sue arrived & knocked on the door
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Jack had left his apartment when Sue arrived and knocked on the door.
Past Perfect (4-8)
Past Perfect
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Subject + Had + Past Participle
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I had hiked for four hours by the time I got to the lake.
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She had eaten dinner before they went out.
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I planted the flowers after the rain had stopped.
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I took the medicine after I had talked to the doctor.
Past Perfect - Negative
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Subject + Had + Not + Past Participle
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I had not hiked before our trip.
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She had not eaten dinner before going to the movie.
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It had not rained for three weeks when the hurricane hit.
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She had not talked to the doctor when she started taking the new medication.
Past Perfect – Simple Questions
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Had + Subject + Past Participle
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Had you gone hiking before today?
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Had she taken piano lessons before?
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The only time we really use simple questions in past perfect is to ask if someone
had done something before now.
Before and After
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When before and after are used in a sentence, the time relationship between the
two events is already clear, so the past perfect is often not necessary. Simple past
can be used for both events:
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Jack had left before Sue arrived.
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Jack left before Sue arrived.
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Sue arrived after Jack had left.
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Sue arrived after Jack left.
Examples
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Events:
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Completed the Exam (1st)
Felt Relieved (2nd)
I had just completed the exam. I felt very relieved.
I had just completed the exam, so I felt very relieved.
Examples
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Events:
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Miguel called (3rd)
I wasn’t there (2nd)
I went to a meeting (1st)
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Miguel called me this morning, but I wasn’t there. I had gone to a meeting.
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Examples
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Events:
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The thief escaped
I called the police
When my house was robbed, the thief had escaped before I called the police.
Practice
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Events
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Son fell asleep (1st)
We came home (2nd)
Practice
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Events:
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He graded the exam
He read the answers carefully
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(before)
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Practice
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Events:
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The sink overflowed
I left the water running
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(after)
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Practice
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Events:
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They were married for five years
They had a child
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(when)
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Practice
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Events
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The car collided with a truck
Someone called the police
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(after)
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Practice
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Events:
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The doctor said she was very healthy
She was worried
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(until)
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Practice
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Events
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She slept for ten hours
I decided to wake her up
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(by the time)
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Practice
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Complete exercises 42 and 44, p. 109-110