Transcript English for Law 1

Lecturer: Miljen Matijašević
e-mail: [email protected]
Session 2
1.
Essay comments
2.
Verb forms revision / Narrative
3.
Paraphrasing and Summarising
Common mistakes
What’s wrong with these sentences?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Everything you wanna know you can google and find out in a couple
of minutes.
I think the biggest disadvantage of having smartphone is that kids
don't play anymore on playgrounds.
In generally, people talk less, they don't hang out and socialize.
Everything what we have to do have some kind of deadline.
Follows from it, we can also communicate for free.
Disadvantage is very bad literacy.
Parents to calm kids down, give them phones to play and be in
silence.
In my opinion, pros of free higher education is that it gives better
acess to education for general population with focus on poor people.
If higher education is being paid, people who can not affort it, can
never acces it unless they take crumblesome student loans and go in
to debt which they have to pay off in further years.
What’s wrong with these sentences?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Everything you wish to know can be found very quickly using search
engines.
I think the biggest disadvantage of having a smartphone is that
children no longer play with other children on playgrounds.
People overall spend less time in conversation and socializing.
Everything we have to do has some kind of deadline.
In addition, we can communicate for free.
A negative consequence is poor/low literacy.
In order to calm them down/keep them quiet, parents give them
phones to play with.
In my opinion, an advantage of free higher education is that it gives
better access to education for the general population, which is
particularly positive for people of low economic status.
If higher education is paid, people who cannot afford it are forced to
take burdensome student loans which they have to pay off for many
years.
What’s wrong with these sentences?
Giving free higher education to everybody rises question of
financing.
11. They don't talk like before.
12. Moreover, they are multipractical and can be used for a lot of stuff
like data storage.
13. This argument some people consider as a disadvantage, claiming that
all this apps and games are making people addicted to their
smartphones.
14. Children almost don't play outdoors.
15. Everyone should decide for himself should he or shouldn't he use
smartphones.
16. The question we are going to discuss is how do they impact on us?
17. One of advantages of free higher education is easier access to better
jobs in job market.
18. You can contact whomever you want, no matter is he/she on the
other side of the planet.
10.
What’s wrong with these sentences?
Giving free higher education to everybody raises the question of
financing.
11. There is considerably less oral communication.
12. Moreover, they serve many purposes, such as data storage.
13. Some people consider this as a disadvantage, claiming that all these
apps and games are making people addicted to their smartphones.
14. Children hardly ever play outdoors anymore.
15. Everyone should decide for themselves whether or not they should
use smartphones.
16. The question we are going to discuss is: how do they affect us?
17. An advantage of free higher education is easier access to better jobs
in the job market.
18. You can contact whomever you want, even if they are on the other
side of the planet.
10.
Common mistakes
 WILL vs. WOULD
 WILL for future facts or predictions

Unemployment will continue to rise in the following period.
 WOULD for hypothetical situations, such as free higher education for all

Students would not have to work in order to pay for tuition. There would be less stress for
students.
 Formation of the Second Conditional


If high education is / was / will be / were / would be free, there will be / would be too many
students.
If high education WERE free, there WOULD BE too many students.
 Use of modal verbs
 Modals MAY and MIGHT remove the necessity of using the word ‘maybe’


If high education were free, some students maybe will enrol only to avoid working.
If high education were free, some students might enrol only to avoid working.
Common mistakes
 Countable and uncountable nouns (less!)
 Less + uncountable noun (less money)
 Fewer + countable noun (fewer problems)
 Contracted forms (isn’t, I’ll, won’t, wouldn’t, etc.)
 Unacceptable in formal writing – use full forms instead (is not, I
will/shall, will not, would not etc.)
 Inappropriate choice of words (style or register)
 pros and cons, stuff, kids, etc.


Advantages and disadvantages, arguments in favour / against, benefits and drawbacks,
etc.
stuff – things, activities, interests, etc.
Common mistakes
 Enumerating arguments
 First, second, third, etc. - informal
 Firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc. – formal (better!)
 Firstly, then, in addition, also, etc.
 Presenting opposing arguments
 On one side – on the other side
 On the one hand – on the other hand
 / - On the other hand, conversely (not on the contrary!!), however, etc.
Commonly misused words
 No matter / regardless
 No matter how much they earn
 Regardless of their income
 Avoiding marked words
 Poor people; rich parents
 Financially disadvantaged, low economic status; welloff, wealthy, affluent
Make these sentences better
 There’s a lot of people who wanted to study something and
be high educated but they couldn’t because they couldn’t
afford it, so in that way free higher education for all would
be good.
 Arguments that go in favour are more higher educated
people which could led to higher life standards and less
poor people.
Make these sentences better
 There’s a lot of people who wanted to study something and
be high educated but they couldn’t because they couldn’t
afford it, so in that way free higher education for all would
be good.
 There are a lot of people who wish to get a university education but
cannot afford it. For this reason, free higher education for all would
be a good idea.
 Arguments that go in favour are more higher educated
people which could led to higher life standards and less
poor people.
 An argument in favour is that having more people with
university education/a university degree could/might lead to
a higher standard of living and less poverty.
Make these sentences better
 Also, more people will have a chance to study because
of availability of higher education.
 Also, maybe some people will go to college just to get
student rights like health insurance.
Make these sentences better
 Also, more people will have a chance to study because
of availability of higher education.
 Also, more people would have a chance to study because
of accessibility of higher education.
 Also, maybe some people will go to college just to get
student rights like health insurance.
 In addition, some people might go to/enrol in college
only to obtain student benefits, such as health
insurance.
Make these sentences better
 Also, good side of free higher education is that will
maybe help to increase a social mobility.
 Everybody are pointing out easier access to higher
education, no matter of their incomes, as an pro.
Make these sentences better
 Also, good side of free higher education is that will
maybe help to increase a social mobility.
 Another benefit of free higher education is that it might
help increase social mobility.
 Everybody are pointing out easier access to higher
education, no matter of their incomes, as an pro.
 Everybody is pointing out (the benefit of) easier access
to higher education for all, regardless of their income (as
an argument in favour).
Narrative
Verb forms
TENSE
AUXILIARY VERB
MAIN VERB FORM
(DO) do, does (in Qs and
Infinitive (+s 3rd person)
SIMPLE
Present
negatives)
Past
(DO) did (in Qs and negatives)
Past (-ed) / Infinitive
Present
BE – am, is, are
-ing
Past
BE – was, were
-ing
Present
HAVE – have, has
Past participle
Past
HAVE – had
Past participle
Present Perfect Cont.
HAVE/HAS BEEN
-ing
Past Perfect Continuous
HAD BEEN
-ing
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
Verb forms
THE PASSIVE
to BE
MAIN VERB
any tense
(e.g. am, has been, will be)
past participle
 E.g. She is respected by her students.
 I have been asked to tell you my story.
 Education should be paid by the government.
Verb forms
MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERB
MAIN VERB
will, might, may, can, could,
should, would, must, have
to, ought to
Simple infinitive
(without ‘to’)
Continuous infinitive
(e.g. be expecting)
Perfect infinitive
(e.g. have seen)
 E.g. You may have heard about this issue. The authorities
should be solving this problem as we speak.
Verb forms – practice
I ___________ (be) interested in public speaking for a
number of years, and I __________ (consider) by my
friends to be quite a good speaker. A few days ago, I
__________ (ask) a friend to take me to a public debate.
For two whole days, I __________ (look) forward to it.
Unfortunately, while I _________ (drive) to the club, my
car ___________ (break down), and I __________ (must)
take a taxi. I __________ (arrive) just as the chairman
__________ (open) the meeting. I __________
(apologize), and at the end of the evening, explained to
the chairman what _________ (happen.)
Verb forms – practice
I HAVE BEEN interested in public speaking for a number of
years, and I AM CONSIDERED by my friends to be quite
a good speaker. A few days ago, I ASKED a friend to take
me to a public debate. For two whole days, I HAD BEEN
LOOKING forward to it. Unfortunately, while I WAS
DRIVING to the club, my car BROKE DOWN, and I HAD
TO take a taxi. I ARRIVED just as the chairman WAS
OPENING the meeting. I APOLOGIZED, and at the end
of the evening, explained to the chairman what HAD
HAPPENED.

What tenses were used in this story?
Narrative
Narrative
1.
Fill the gaps in the text about the United Nations.
Discuss the verb forms
Paraphrasing and Summarising
 Why is it important to be able to paraphrase and
summarise?
 Paraphrasing can be done in several ways:
 by changing the vocabulary
 by changing the verb form (active to passive)
 by changing the word class
 by synthesis
 Stage 1 exercises