Transcript Year nine Integrated Studies 1

Year nine Integrated Studies 1
Exploring mythology.
What is mythology? What is a
myth?
Last we looked at the lives of the Ancient Greeks.
We saw that they had many gods and goddesses that they worshipped.
The sacrificed animals and gave crops to these gods.
They worried about pleasing them or making them angry.
Socrates was a famous philosopher (thinker) in Ancient Greece. One of the
ideas that he was thinking about was that these many gods may not have
existed at all.
A plague like a very bad flu hit the Greek cities and many people died.
What did the Greek people think may have happened?
Who did they try to blame?
What did they do?
Greek mythology is the body (whole lot of)
of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks
about their gods and heroes, the nature of
the world that they saw around them and
what effected it (their world view and safety).
Greek mythology is also about the origins
and explanations of their cults and ritual
practices.
Modern scholars study the myths so they
can understand the Ancient Greek people’s
religion and government.
Greek mythology - Medusa
They also want to understand just how
myths are made up and spread around, as
well.
Family tree of the Greek gods
Who are you gonna call when you are
in trouble?
The Immortals
Olympic dieties (gods)
TitansPrimordial dieties
The hundred-handed ones
The Cyclopes
The River gods
Nymphs
Giants
Anemoi (the winds)
Other dieties
Mortals
Who are you going to pray to when
you want crops to grow, rain to fall,
when someone is very sick or if you
want to be pregnant?
Please answer these questions
in your books
1. What does this tell us about
how the ancient Greeks may have
seen their world?
2. Was their world made safe and
secure by knowing that if you
pleased the gods then your life
would be sweet? Explain why you
think yes or no.
The Greeks believed the earth sat at
the centre of a revolving sphere.
They believed the earth to be
flat.
What was their physical world like?
What was their universe like?
So where do myths come from to
begin with?
• Brainstorm area.
eg people’s fears, hopes and dreams knowledge.
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Perseus and
The Gorgon
A Cyclops
Pegasus
Please copy this
Into your books.
So what is a myth?
• A myth is a traditional story originally told by word of
mouth (orally) and is often written down later.
• It often tells of superhuman beings and usually deals
with the creation of the world and/or things in nature.
• When people are afraid of things that they can’t explain,
or don’t know how or why something exists the way it
does, they make up stories and heroes to explain it.
• Many ancient people believed that the beginning of the
world and the making of earth and the stars must have
been so “cataclysmic” that only “super-human” beings
could have been involved. These super-humans
became their gods and goddesses.
• The Ancient Greeks believed in many Gods and so were
polytheistic.
What did some of these mythical figures look
like?
Lets look at
The Olympic deities
There were 12 Olympians. They
were the principal gods of the Greek
pantheon and they lived on top of
Mount Olympus. There were, at
various times, fourteen different gods
recognized as Olympians, though
never more than twelve at one time.
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares,
Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite,
Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are
always considered Olympians.
Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and
Hades are the variable gods among
the Twelve.
The Olympians cont…. You thought Shortland Street
was complicated!
• Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to Dionysus in order to
live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of
tending the fire on Mount Olympus).
• Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing
winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for the other
six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter.
• Although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods, his
home was in the underworld of the dead.
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The Olympians gained their supremacy in the world of gods after
Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans.
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Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were siblings;
all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are
usually considered the children of Zeus by various mothers, except
for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus
alone.
• Additionally, some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was
born of Hera alone as Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena.
There have always been TRICKSTER figures in myths and
legends.
• A trickster is a mischievous character who
often changes shape.
• They play tricks and create “mayhem” –
trouble.
• Maui is a trickster in the myth “Maui and
the Sun” because he plays a trick on the
sun to capture it and make it slow down.
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What have the Greeks left us
behind
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Strong belief in religion
Lots of questions to be answered
Story of Hercules
The story of Troy
The Pulley system
Knowledge and medicine
Abacus
Heating system
First automatic door
Democracy political system
Tourist attractions
Olympics
Nudist events
Myths change
• When any story is told time and time again,
people tell it in different ways, so it changes. If
the story is then written down, it can still change.
• While the main events of a mythical or legendary
story are generally the same, the way the story
“unfolds” or “develops” can be very different
according to who is telling the story. This is why
there are so many versions or variations of just
one myth.
Do Now: please write a statement and explanation for the
question: Why do myths change?
The beginning: gods and
goddesses on Mount Olympus
Do Now: please draw up your page into six “cartoon” boxes for a picture
dictation. You will also need to leave space under your boxes for an
explanation of what is happening.
Picture One. It’s hard to imagine our world
as nothing other than air and space, but
that’s how it began in Greek mythology.
There was nothing. No sky. No earth. No
water. No animals. No plant life. All was
black.
Picture Two
• Chaos and creation
• In the midst of this blackness there was an
eerie kind of disorder, which the ancient
Greeks called Chaos.
• Out of Chaos, over eons of time, the world
began to form. Shapes appeared. These
became mountains and valleys.
• The name of these forms was GAEA,
another name for Earth, or Mother Earth.
Picture Three
• From GAEA came URANUS, who was the
sky that covered GAEA with stars in the
night. GAEA had many children, including
the seas, the plants and the animals.
Picture Four
• GAEA also created the universe.
Picture Five
• Together GAEA and URANUS had many
children. Some of them were monsters,
half human and half tree, with 100 hands.
• They were called the
HECATONCHEIRES.
Picture Six
• The other children were the enormous
Cyclopses with one round eye in the
middle of their foreheads.
Draw up another six boxes.
Picture seven
• Some more children of GAEA were the
Titans.
• The Titans could make themselves into
any shape, forming mountains and
streams, comets and asteroids, even
thoughts and feelings.
• They were the first generation of gods and
goddesses.
Picture Eight
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There were 12 Titans: The six females included:
Thea the Divine
Rhea of the Earth
Themis, mother of the seasons and the Fates
(Moirae or Moerae) who decided how long you
lived.
• Mnemosyne, known as Memory
• Phoebe of the wreath of gold
• Thys, mother of river gods and sea nymphs.
Picture Nine
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The six male Titans were:
Oceanus of the oceans that covered the Earth
Coeus, who was responsible for intelligence
Crius, meaning ram
Hyperion, the father of Helios, the god of the sun
Iapetus the racer
Cronus the crow.
Picture 10
• Uranus casts his children off. He was their
father and he was cruel. He hurled the
Cyclopses and the monsters with one
hundred hands into Tartarus, a dark,
bottomless place below the Underworld.
Picture 11
• Uranus threw the Titans all over Gaea,
Mother Earth. It was a wild and violent
time.
Picture 12
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Gaea groaned and moaned.
Fire shot out of her crevasses in her side
Mountains rose and fell
Great boulders flew wildly over her
surface.
• The earth boiled.
The Birth of New Gods and
Goddess.
• One of the Titans, Cronus, was unlike the others.
He was afraid of a prophecy that one of his
children would take over his power. So, instead
of letting them grow up, he ate them as soon as
they were born.
• His wife, Rhea, was very angry about this.
• When she gave birth to one of her children she
saved him by tricking Cronus.
• Instead of a child, she gave Cronus a stone to
swallow. She hid the child and called him ZEUS.
Home learning: please draw a picture of Zeus in your books.
What should he have with him?
Cronus Spills his guts.
• When Zeus grew up the prophecy came true. Zeus gave
Cronus a drink that caused the children and the stone
that he had swallowed to spill out of his stomach,
completely safe from years spent there.
• These children were the next generation of gods. They
were:
• Poseidon, god of the oceans and waters
• Hades, god of the underworld
• Demeter, the goddess of agriculture
• Hestia, goddess of the home
• Hera, goddess of marriage.
• Zeus became the king of these gods.
The Titans V’s Zeus’s bros and
sisters.
• These new gods were different from the
Titans. They has stronger thinking powers.
The Titans became worried. They had
ruled the newly created world for a very
long time, and they didn’t want to lose it
now. What should they do?
• They challenged Zeus and his brothers
and sisters for SUPREMACY over their
world. A ten-year battle followed.
Meantime, down at the forge
(workshop)
• Zeus took the lead. He released the Cyclopses
and the hundred-handed tree monsters from
Tartarus (below the underworld).
• The Cyclopses, who worked at the forge, made
a helmet of darkness for Hades, a trident for
Poseidon, and a thunderbolt for Zeus.
• These objects became symbols of these gods
throughout Greek mythology.
Go home you losers
• Armed with these weapons of war, and
assisted by the grateful monsters and
cyclopses, Hades, Poseidon and Zeus
stormed the home of the home of the
Titans.
• It wasn’t long before Zeus and his brothers
and sisters became the new rulers of the
boiling, changing world.
Sittin’ on top o the world
• Zeus, Poseidon and Hades found a place to call
home. When the world had formed, a huge
mountain had grown out of the depths of Gaea.
• This giant of a mountain rose up into the sky,
barely visible from below. It was called Mount
Olympus.
• There, where all was peace and quiet, Zeus and
his brothers drew lots to see how they would rule
over their world.
If I ruled the world ….
• Zeus became the king of all gods, and had
control of the skies. The very top of Mount
Olympus became his. From here he could rule
over the kingdom of the gods and the world of
the humans.
• Poseidon became lord of the seas and waters.
• All who found their way to the underworld were
in the hands of its king, Hades.
• The whole of Mount Olympus became the home
of all the gods and goddesses.
Oh to be a god
• Gods were characters created by
humans, so were in human form, but
they were different. They were bigger,
stronger and beautiful!!!
• They had the power to change into
another shape, they could help, hinder,
or trick humans any time they wanted!!!
Zeus, the Giants
and Typhoeus
Not long after defeating the Titans and
claiming Mount Olympus as their own,
Zeus and the new gods had another
war on their hands. First of all they had
to battle the giants, who caused an
enormous noise through the
mountains.
He was a terrifying creature whose hands
worked ceaselessly and whose feet were
never still. From his shoulders sprang a
hundred horrible dragons’ heads each with a
darting black tongue and eyes which spurted
searing flame.
From his thighs emerged innumerable vipers
(many snakes); his body was covered with
feathers; thick bristles sprouted from his head
and cheeks. He was taller than the tallest
After defeating the Giants, Gaea (Mother mountain.
Earth), was angry that her children the At the sight of Typhoeus the gods were seized
Titans had been defeated. She sent
with fear and fled.Only Zeus stood firm before
another monster, Typhoeus, to cause
the monster; but entwined in the myriad
more havoc for the Olympians.
(many) coils of the serpents he fell into the
1. Is this “telling” a story or
“revealing” what happened?
2. Is this “telling” a story or
“revealing” what happened?
3. What is different about the second
piece of writing? This second piece of
writing is different because it uses ….
hands of Typhoeus who cut the tendons of his
hands and feet and imprisoned him in his den
in Cilicia. Rescued by Hermes, Zeus renewed
the struggle. With his thunderbolts he
overwhelmed Typheous, who fled to Sicily
where the Gods crushed him.
4. Write the story again as if you were Zeus.
This is called: “writing in the first person.”
Personal Pronouns Table
Subject
object
ownership
First person (singular)
I
me
my
First person (plural)
we
us
our
Second person (sing.)
you
you
your
Second person (plural)
you
you
your
Third person (singular)
he, she, it
him, her, it
Third person (plural)
they
them
his, her, its
their
Powerful Personal pronouns!!! They are powerful in writing and speeches because
they talk AT us. They speak directly to the listener or reader. They INVOLVE us!
Think about advertising. “You will be beautiful if you wash your face in goolash today!”
Think about speeches “We will fight them on the beaches. We will never surrender!”
Think about creative writing “I didn’t like the way she looked at him. He was my
boyfriend!’ We can see right into the speakers mind and understand their point of view.
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The ingredients of a “good” myth
Taniwha – monsters
Mythical characters from long ago
Metaphors
Adjectives
Correct punctuation eg. Leaving a line to indicate a new paragraph
because the story line/plot is advancing.
Explanations for why a landform or lake looks how it does.
Fairy folk
Love and sex
Jealousy
Priest or Tohunga
Maiden or virgin
Two-headed dogs
A problem and a solution
Enchantment and miracles THE CONVENTIONS OF MYTHS
Good Creative Writing Has:
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Figurative language e.g. simile
This is a direct comparison using as or like.
Metaphor is a comparison which doesn’t need to use as or like.
The ocean was like a flat, blue plate – s
The ocean is a flat, blue plate – metaphor.
Personification – gives human qualities to non-living things – inanimate objects or
abstract ideas. E.g. the moon gazed sadly on the cemetery.
Alliteration – is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. Peter
Piper picked apples.
Assonance – is the repetition of vowel sounds. Eg The eagle swoops with a whoosh
and tune.
Onomatopoeia – uses words that imitate and reproduce real-life sounds and actions.
E.g splash crash.
Rhyme – is the repetition of final vowel and consonant sounds in words – late gate,
wait. weight.
Rhythm – is a particular pattern that suggests movement or pace. E.g. pitter patter
pitter patter
Repetition – is the repeating of words to create emphasis. Slowly, slowly, slowly
flowed the river.
Copy out and do the questions in:
How to Achieve in English Year 9
• Pages 32 – 38. Language Features/techniques
Or figurative language.
• The simile
• Metaphor
• Personification
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Alliteration
Assonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhyme
• Rhythm
these techniques are
also called “sound
devices”
Good creative writing also reveals
information through using many points
of view.
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The dog stole the sausages – showing how writing from
different points of view, creates an interesting way of
revealing information in a story.
The dog stole the sausages from the butcher shop in Timaru’s
main street. It ran across the road, stopping the traffic with its
bobbling string of shiny, fat tubes sliding across the tar. (eye of
God – omniscient)
“Hannah! Would you look at that! It’s a bloody dog… and would
you look at what it’s towing. Aye-up! It’s sausages!” Lauren
jammed on the brakes as cars in front skidded to a halt.
News report: A small fox terrier bought traffic in Stafford Street
to a standstill today, when it entered the road with stolen
sausages. Cars were forced to swerve and halt when the terrier
entered the road with a string of pork sausages from McLeod’s
Butchery.
“Did you hear about that dog?” Baillie asked Michael as they
walked to school.
“That “hardout” dog that nicked the sausages from the
butchers?”
“Straight up. Awesome, eh?”
Punctuation
• It is really important to use good spelling
and punctuation in our writing. Otherwise,
readers won’t know what we are talking
about!
• Copy and do the exercises on pages 2025. Achieving in English: Year Nine.
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Capital letters
Sentences always start with capital letters
A proper noun is the specific name of a person, place or
thing and it needs a capital letter.
The main words in titles of books, films, plays songs and
so on are written in capital letters.
Capital letters begin the first word inside quotation
(speech) marks “Man! It’s hot today!” exclaimed Richard.
1. We visited Napier in the school holidays.
2. Doctor Barrett explained that it was necessary for me to have a blood test.
3. Yesterday my mum took me to Pak’n’Save to buy the ingredients for my
birthday dinner.
4. My younger brother, Jack, is a pain in the neck!
5. Sir Peter Blake is an inspiration to all New Zealanders.
6. Our Prime Minister will visit Waitangi on 6 February.
Full stops
• Shows the reader when one sentence
(one idea is complete. If we were
speaking, it would show where to take a
breath.
Ways to interview people
• Closed questions only give “yes” or “no”
answers
• Open questions: what kind of myths do
you know?