Transcript Computer Organization

Computer System
 Hardware
 Software
Computer Hardware
A typical computer system consists of the following
major components:
 The central processing unit (CPU)
 Main memory
 Secondary storage devices
 Input devices
 Output devices
Computer Hardware
The organization of the CPU
Arithmetic &
Logic unit (ALU)
Control
unit
ALU is designed to
perform
mathematical
operations
COORDINATES ALL
OF THE
COMPUTER’S
OPERATIONS
CPU images
THE CPU’S JOB
THE CPU’S JOB
Fetch:
 The CPU’s control unit fetches, from main memory,
the next instruction in the sequence of program
instructions
CPU
RAM
THE CPU’S JOB
Decode:
 The instruction in encoded in the form of a number.
The control unit decodes the instruction and generates
an electronic signal
The job CPU
Execute:
 The signal is routed to the appropriate component of
the computer (such as the ALU, a disk drive, or some
other device). The signal causes the component to
perform an operation
DISK DRIVE
CPU
RAM
Computer internal memory
 RAM (Random Access memory)
 ROM (Read only memory)
 Cache memory
RAM
RAM
 RAM (Random Access Memory) is a device that holds
information
 RAM holds the sequence of instructions in the
programs that are running and the data those
programs are using
RAM
 Main memory is an ordered sequence of cells, called
memory cells
 Each cell has a unique location in main memory,
called the address of the cell
 When the computer is turned off, RAM loses its data
Memory capacity
Prefix
Symbo
l
Exponentia
l
Numeric
Binary
Decimal value
Kilo
K
10^3
1,000
2^10
1024
Mega
M
10^6
1,000,000
2^20
1,048,576
Giga
G
10^9
1,000,000,000
2^30
1,073,741,824
Tera
T
10^12
1,000,000,000,000
2^40
1,099,511,627,776
Peta
P
10^15
1,000,000,000,000,000
2^50
Exa
E
10^18
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
2^60
Zatta
Z
10^21
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
2^70
Yotta
Y
10^24
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 2^80
Binary Number System
Byte
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2^7
2^6
2^5
2^4
2^3
2^2
2^1
2^0
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Bit VS Byte
 Bits are used to measure data transfer speed rate as
Internet connection (Example: 25Mbps)
 Bytes are used to measure file size and storage capacity
(Example: 2GB)
Positive values
𝒏
0…𝟐 −𝟏
n: no. of bits
Byte(s)
bits
Range
Values
1
2
4
8
8
0 … 𝟐𝟖 - 1
0 … 255
16
0 … 𝟐𝟏𝟔 - 1
0 … 65,535
32
0 … 𝟐𝟑𝟐 - 1 0 …4,294,967,296
64
0 … 𝟐𝟔𝟒 - 1
Negative & Positive values
−𝟐
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏−𝟏
…𝟐
−𝟏
n: no. of bits
Byte(s)
1
bits
8
Range
−𝟐𝟕 … 𝟐𝟕 - 1
−𝟐𝟏𝟓 … 𝟐𝟏𝟓 - 1
2
16
4
32
−𝟐𝟑𝟏 … 𝟐𝟑𝟏 - 1
8
64
−𝟐𝟔𝟑 … 𝟐𝟔𝟑 - 1
-128… 127
-32768… 32727
-2,147,483,648 … 2,147,483,647
DDR2 VS DDR3 VS DDR4 RAM
Feature
DDR2
DDR3
DDR4
TRANSFER
RATE
400 MB/S – 1066 MB/S
800MB/S-2133MB/S
1600MB/S-3200MB/S
512MB – 8GB
2GB – 16GB
MEMORY
DENSITY
VOLTAGE
1.8 VOLTS
1.5 BOLTS
Secondary storage devices
 Hard disk drive (HDD) (External & Internal)
 Magnetic HDD
 Solid State Drive (SSD)
 Hybrid HDD
 DVD
 Blu Ray
 Flash Memory
Magnetic HDD VS SSD
 HDD VS SSD
USB PORTS
Port
Speed
Bits
per second
Characters
per second
USB 1.0
USB 2.0
12 Mbps
480 Mbps
(12*2^20) / 8
1,572,864
62,914,560
USB 3.0
4.8 Gbps
USB 3.1
10 Gbps
(480*2^20) / 8
(4.8*2^30) / 8
(10*2^30) / 8
644,245,094
1,342,177,280
HDMI PORT
Port
Speed
HDMI
10.2 Gbps
Numerical value Speed Rate in bits
10.2 * 2^30 10,952,166,604 bit per sec
CELLULAR NETWORT
Type
Speed Rate
3G
144 Kbps - 400 Kbps
4G
5 Mbps - 12 Mbps
Character representations in
memory
Character
ASCII
(IN
DECIMAL)
UNICODE
(IN
DECIMAL)
BINARY CODE
#
35
35
00100011
$
36
36
00100100
0
48
48
00110000
1
49
49
00110001
A
65
65
01000001
B
66
66
01000010
a
97
97
01100001
b
98
98
01100010
SATA Explanation - Ports, Cables,
Controllers, Motherboards
 SATA and IDE cables
Numbering systems
 Decimal
 Binary
 Hexadecimal
 Octal
(0 … 9)10
(0 … 1)2
(0 … 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)16
(0 … 9,10,11,12,13,14,15)16
(0 … 7)8
Hexadecimal Number System
Byte
Second digit
First digit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
4
2
1
8
4
2
1
2^3
2^2
2^1
2^0
2^3
2^2
2^1
2^0
3
3
Octal
Number System
Byte
First digit
Second digit
Third digit
2 Bit
3 Bit
3 Bit
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2^1
2^0
2^2
2^1
2^0
2^2
2^1
2^0
2
1
5
0
1
0
6
1
1
1
0
Types of Software
 System Software
 Application Software
 Utility Software
System software
System software is a collection of one or more programs
used to control and coordinate the hardware and other
application software
 Communicates with hardware devices. Controls and
monitors the proper use of various hardware resources
like CPU, memory, peripheral devices like monitor,
printer etc.
 Supports the execution and development of other
application software.
System Software Examples
 Operating system
 Programming language translators
 Communication software
 Compiler and Interpreters
Operating System software
 Windows
 OS X operating system (MAC computers)
 Linux
 UNIX
Operating System software
difference
 Security
 Stable
 User friendly
 Ease of use
 Multimedia capabilities
Utility Software
Utility software is a collection of one or more programs
that helps the user in system maintenance tasks and in
performing tasks of routine nature. Utility programs
help the users in disk formatting, data compression, data
backup, scanning for viruses etc.
Utility Software examples
 Anti-virus
 Registry cleaners
 Disk defragmenters
 Data backup utility
 Disk cleaners
Application Software
 Application software is a collection of one or more
programs used to solve a specific task.
 Generally software used in banking industry,
airline/railway reservation, generation of telephone or
electricity bills etc. all fall under application software.
Application Software examples
 Word processing software
 Spreadsheet software
 Database software
 Education software
 Entertainment software