Transcript information processing tools : operating system , window

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OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM IS A SET OF SYSTEM PROGRAM OR COMMANDS THAT ACTS
AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN USES AND COMPUTER HARDWARE . IT ALSO
MANAGES THE INTERNAL RESOURCES OF THE COMPUTER LIKE CONTROL UNIT
ARITHMETIC UNIT , MEMORY UNIT, I/O UNIT ETC.
SIMPLY WE CAN SAY THAT OPERATION SYSTEM IS A COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
BETWEEN THE USER AND COMPUTER MACHINE . IT IS MUST FOR ANY COMPUTER
SYSTEM BECAUSE OS IS ONLY :
1)
THE ONE PROGRAM THAT RUN ALL TIMES ON COMPUTER .
2)
2) THE PROGRAM THAT CONTROL AND CO-ORDINARY THE USE OF THE
HARDWARE AMONG VARIOUS APPLIOCAT5ION PROGRAMS FOR THE
VARIOUS USERS.
IN ADDITION “AN OPERATING SYSTEM IS AN ORGANIZED
COLLECTION OF P-ROGRAM THAT ACTS AS A INTERFACE BETWEEN
MACHINE HARDWARE AND USERS , PROIVIDEING USER WITH A
SET OF FACILITIES TO SIMPLIFY THE DESIGN , CODING ,
DEBUGGING AND MAINTENACE OF PROGRAMS AND AT THE SAME
TIME , CONTROLLING THE ALLOCVATION OF RESOURCES TO
ASSURE EFFICIENT OPERATION”.
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THE RANGE AND EXTENT OFSERVICES PROVIDED BY AN OPERATING
SYSTEM DEPENDS ON A NUMBER OF FACTOR. VARIOUS TYPES OF
OPERATING SYSTEM ARE AVAILABLE WITH DIFFERENT FEATURE ,
CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS SOME
MOST POPULAR OS ARE : MS-DOS , WINDOW MT , WINDOW 98 ,
WINDOW XP , WINDOW VISTA , UNIX , LINUX , MAC OS ETC .
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FUNCTION OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
PROCESSING MANAGEMENT
2) FILE MANAGEMENT
3) SHELL-INTERPRETER SYSTEM
4) NETWORKING
5) MAIN MEMORY MANAGEMENT
6) I/O SYSTEM MANAGEMENT
7) PROTECTION SYSTEM
1)
PROCESS
MANAGEMENT
OPERATING SYSTEM CONTROLS CREATION AND DELETION OF THE
PROCESSES VAND THEIR ATTRITES AND ALSO HANDLES THE
DEADLOCKS PROCESS SYNCRONIZATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
MAIN MEMORY
MANAGEMENT
MEMORY MANAGEMENT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT JOBS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
. IT HAS TO MANAGE THE MEMORY AND ALLOCATE MEMORY SPACE IO THE USER
PROGRAM . MEMORY PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM . BOTH CPU AND
I/O SYSTEM INTERACT WITH MEMORY . IN CASE OF SINGLE PROGRAM S IN MEMORY ,
THE MANAGEMENT IS NOT A DIFFICULT JOB BUT IN CASE OF MULTI-PROGRAMMING
SYSTEM , A A NUMBER , A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS RESIDE IN C OMPUTER MEMORY
MANAGEMENT . OPERATING SYSTEM ALLOCFATES MEMORY SPACE TO ALL THESE
USER’S PROGRAMS .
MEMORY MANAGEMENT IS PRIMARILY CONCERNET WITH ALLOCATION OF PHYSICAL
MEMORY OF FINITE CAPACITY TO REQUESTING PROCESS . NO PROCESS MAY BE
ACTIVATED BEFORE CERTAIN AMOUNT OF MEMORY IS ALLOCATED TO IT . OVER ALL
PERFORMANCE OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM RESOURCES IS AFFECTED BY THE MEMORY
MANAGEMENT . MAYOR TASKS OF MEMORY MANAGEMENT ARE TO :
1)
ALLOCATE AND DEALLOCATE MEMORY SPACE
2)
KEEP TRACK OF USAGE OF MEMORY
FILE MANAGEMENT
FILE MAGAGEMENT REFER TO THE MANIPULATION OF DOCUMENT AND DATA IN
FILES ON A COMPUTER . USING OPERATING SYSTEM , ONE MAY CREATE A NEW
FILE OR EDIT AN EXISTING FILE AND SAVE IT , OPEN OR LOAD A PRE-EXISTING
FILE INTO MEMORY OR CLOSE A FILE WITHOUT SAVING IUT . OPERATING
SYSTEM GROUP RELATED FILE IN TO DIRECTORIES AND FOLDER AND ALOSO
ORGANIZES THESE DIRECTORIES INTO THREE STRUCTURE . FOLLOWING ARE
SOME MAJOR TASK OF FILE MANAGEMENT :
1)
CREATE/DELETE FILE AND DIRECTORY
2)
MAPPING FILE ONTO SECONDARY STORAGE
3)
BACKUP FILE
I/O SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
THE I/O SYSTEM ACTS AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN THE USER AND I/O DEVICE .
IT MEANS I/O PLAYS A VERY VITAL ROLE IN COMPUTER SYSTEM . THERE IS A
CONSIDERABLE CARIETY OF DEVICE TYPES ATTACHES TO COMPUTER SYSTEM –
EACH WITH IT OWN ENCODING , ELECTRICAL AND TIMING REQUIREMENT AND
FOR THESE REASON , JIU/O DEVICES ATTEND DIFFICULT DIFFICULT TASK OF
RESPECTIVE REQUIREMENT AND MAKE OPERATION EFFICIENT AND RELIABLE.
SHELL-INTERPRETER SYSTEM
THE SHELL IS AN APPL,ICATION PROGRAM WHOSE FUNCTIONS IS TO TAKE INPUT
FROM THE USERS AND TO MAKE THE OTHER PARTS OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM
TO PERFOREM THE FUNCTION THE USER WANTS . THE SHELL IS A POWERFUL
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE . PROGRAMS WRITTEN IN THE SHJELL “ LANGUAGE “
ARE CALLED SHELL SCRIPTS.
ABOUT MS-DOS
MICROSOFT- DOS (DISK OPERATING SYSTEM) IS A SINGLE USER ,
COMMAND LINE USER INTERFACE . MS-DOS 1.0 WAS RELEASED IN
1981 FOR IBN COMPUTER AND THE LATEST VERSION OF MS-DOS
6.22WAS RELEASED IN 1994 . WHILE MS-DOS IS NOT COMMONLY
USED BY ITSELF TODAY , IT STILL CAN BE ACCESSED FROM
WINDOW 95 , WINDOW 98 OR WINDOW ME BY START>RUN OR
TYPING “COMMAND” OR BY TYPING “CMD”
GNU/LINUX
THE VERSION OF UNIX RUNNIUNG OR PC IS CALLED BNU/LINUX. THE GOAL OF THE
GNU PROJECT IS TO LIBERATE UNIX BY CRTEATING A NON-PROPRIETRARY REIMPLEMENTRARY WHOSE SOURCE CODE COULD BE FREELY SHARED AND IMPROVED .
THIS IS PART OF A MOVEMENT LED BY THE FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION .SEVERAL
YEAR AGO , THE GNU PROJECT HAD COMPLETED A LARGE PART OF THE GNU SOFTWARE
BUT WAS STILL AT WORK ON THE KERNEL , THE CORE OF THE OPERATION SYSTEM
WHICH HANDLE SUCH THINGS AS PROCESS SCHEDULING , MEMORY MANAGEMENT
AND COMMUNICATION WITH DISKS AND OTHER SUCH DEVICE . IT IS TORVALD’S
KERNEL AND ITS DESCENDANTS CONSTITUTE LINUX . SINCE THE SYSTEM THAT WE
USE IN PRACTICE PRESERNTS THE COMBINATION OF TORVALD’S KERNEL AND THE GNU
SOFTWARE , THE SYSTEM IS PROPERLY KNOW AS GNU/LINUX.
WHAT IS LINUX ?
LINUX IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM THAT CAN BE DOWNLOADED FREE AND
BELONGS TO AN ENTIRE COMMUNITY OF DEVELOP , NOT ONE CORPORATE
ENTITY . IN OTHER WORDS , ANYONE FROM PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE DEVELOP
TO HOBBYIST COMPUTER CAN ACCESS AND MAKE CHANGES TO THE LINUX
KERNEL . ALL THE INFORMATION ABOUT LINUX IS OPEN AND AVAILABLE TO
EVERYONE . LINUX IS KNOWN AS
“OPEN SOURCE” OR “FREE SOFTWARE” BECAUSE THERE IS NOTHING SECRET
ABOUT THIS SYSTEM . THIS FREEDOM ALSO ALLOW COMPANIES TO SELL AND
DISTRIBUTE LINUX ON CD-ROM OR BY OTHER MEANS , ALTHOUGH THOSE
COMPANIES MUST KEEP THEIR CODE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC .
WITH MORE AND MORE PEOPLE LOOKING FOR AN ALTERNATIVE TO WINDOW .
LINUX HAS RECENTS GROWN IN POPULARITY AND IS QUICKLY BECOMING A
FAVOURITE AMONG MAJOR CORPORATIONS AND CURIOUS DESKTOP USERE . NOT
ONLY DOES IT GIVES USER A CHOICE OF OPERATING SYSTEM , IT ALSO PROVES
ITSELF VALUABLE WITH ITS POWER , FLEXIBILITY AND RELIABILITY .
WHAT IS WINDOW ?
WINDOW HAS BEEN DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT CORPORATION . WINDOW IS AN
OPERATING SYSTEM WHICH ACTS AS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN THE USER AND
THE COMPUTER EARLIER , WINDOW WAS NOT A TRUE OPERATING SYSTEM , IT
WORKED ON THE DOS PLATFORM . WINDOW 3.1 AND WINDOW 3.11 WERE SUCH
OPERATING SYSTEM WHICH WERE NOT TRUE OPERATING SYSTEM . LATER ON
WINDOW 95 BROUGHT REVOLUTIUONS IN THE COMPUTING SCENARIO . IT WAS
REGARDING AS THE TRUE OPERATING SYSTEM . WITH THE PASSAGE OF TIME ,
MICROSOFT CORPATION RELEASED ITS ADCANCED VERSIONS OF WINDOWS VIZ
, WINDOWS 98 , WINDOWS XP , WINDOWS VISTA ETC .
FEATURES OF WINDOWS XP
WINDOW XP HAS MANY FEATURES DUE TO WHICH . IT IS VERY POPULAR AMONG
THE USERS .
1)
IT IS EASY TO WORK IN WINDOWS XP .
2)
IT IS VERY FAST AND SAFE OPERATING SYSTEM .
3)
ITS IS USED TO PLAY GAMES , LISTEN MUSIC , VIEWS PICTURES AND FOR A
LOT MORE ENTERTAINMKENT .
4)
IT PROVIDES MULTITASKING ENVIRONMENT . YOU CAN NOW USE MORE
PROGRAMS AT THE SAME TIMES AND THEY WILL RUN FASTER THAN EVER .
5)
IT PROVIDES POWERFUL GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE INTERNET .
6)
ITS PROVIDES PERSONALIZED WORKING ENVIRONMENT ON THE COMPUTER
.
7)
ITS FORM THE PLATFORM FOR RUNNING OTHER SOFTWARE PROGRAMS IN
THE COMPUTER .
DESKTOP
WINDOWS DESKTOP
WINDOWS DESKTOP IS LIKE A DESK WHERE YOU CAN KEEP VARIOUS
ITEMS LIKE PENCILS ,PAPER , INK AND SEVERAL OTHER OBJECT .
DESKTOP IN WINDOWS IS AN AREA WHERE YOU CAN MANAGER
VARIOUS FOLDER , PROGRAMS AND ICONS . YOU CAN KEEP AS MANY
ITEMS ON THE DESKTOP , BUT IT IS ALWAYS BETTER TO KEEP THE
DESKTOP LIMITED TO A FEW ITEMS .
ICON
PICTURE
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NAME OF THE ICON
FUNCTION
MY COMPUTER
GATEWAY OF COMPUTER . IT GIVES YOU A VIEW OF
AVAILABLE DRIVES . DOUBLE CLICKING A DRIVE GIVES YOU
THE INFORMATUION OF FILE AND FOLDERS AVAILABLE
WITHIN THIS DRIVE .
MY DOCUMENTS
BY DEFAULT , WINDOWS STOREA ALL THE DOCUMENT IN MY
DOCUMENTS .
RECYCLE BIN
IT IS LIKE A DUSTBIN USED FOR STORING DELETE ITEMS .
WHEN YOU DELETE SOME FILE OR FOLDER , IT FIRST GOES
TO RECYCLE BIN . THESE
MY NETWORK
PLACES
IT ALLOW TO MAKE CONNECTION WITH THE INTERNET , IT
ALSO ALLOWS YOU TO ACCESS THE SHARED FILES IN THE
NETWORK.
SHORTCUT ICON
SHORTCUT ICON ARE THE DIRECT ROUTE TO THE SPECIFIC
PROGRAM , DOCUMENT OR FOLDERS .
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENT
PARTS OF COMPUTER
SCREEN
SEVERAL ICONS ARE PRESENT ON THE DESKTOP . AT THE BOTTOM , OF
DESKTOP , THERE IS A BAR CALLED TASKBAR WHICH INFORMS THE
STATUS OF PROGRAM BEING RUN IN THE WINDOW IN THE FORM OF
BUTTONS .
AT THE EXTREME LEFT OF THIS TASKBAR , THERE IS A BUTTON WHICH
IS CALLED START BUTTON . ICONS PRESENT ON THE DESKTOP ARE
VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE THE GATEWAY TO CERTAIN
PROGRAMS , WINDOWS DESKTOP CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING
COMMONLY USED ITEMS .
START BUTTON
THE START BUTTON APPEARS AT
EXTREME LEFT OF THE
TASKBAR . BY CLICKING THE
MOUSE ON THIS BUTTON , A MENU
IS DISPLAYED WHICH IS CALLED
THE START MENU .
.THE
START MENU
ON THE CLICKING THE MOUSE ON
THE START BUTTON , A MENU IS
DISPLAYED WHICH CONTAINS
DIFFERENT OPTION FOR STARTING
DIFFERENT PROGRAMS .
TO SELECT AN ITEM FROM THE
MENU , MOVE THE MOUSE OVER A
PARTICULAR ITEM AND CLICK THE
MOUSE . THE SELECTED PROGRAM
OPENS . BY CLICKING THE MOUSE
OVER ALL PROGRAMS OPTION , A
SUB MENU APPEARS WHICH
SHOWS ALMOST ALL THE
PROGRAMS INSTALLED ON YOUR
COMPUTER . YOU CAN SELECT ANY
PROGRAM ND RUN IT .
TASKBAR
AT THE BOTTOM OF DESKTOP , THERE IS A BAR CALLED TASKBAR
WHICH INFORMS . THE STATUS OF PROGHRAMS BEING RUN IN THE
WINDOWS IN THE FORM OF BUTTONS . WHEN NO PROGRAM IS
RUNNING , THE TASKBAR IS BLANK . EACH PROGRAM CURTRENTGLY
RUNNING HAS A BUTTON ON THE FRONT , MAKING IT THE ACTIVE
APPLICATION WILL MINIMIZE THE APPLICATION , HIDING ITS WINDOW
WITHOUIT CLOSING THE APPLICATION .
QUICK LAUNCH
TOOLBAR
JUST TO THE RIGHT OF THE START BUTTON , THERE ARE SOME ICONS ON THE
TASKBAR . THESE ICONS ARE GENERALLY OF INTERNET EXPLORER , OUTLOOK
EXPRESS , SHOW DESKTOP AND SHOW CHANNELS .
IF THE QUICK LAUNCH TOOLBAR IS NOT DESPLAYED , RIGHT CLICK AN EMPTY
AREA ON THE TASKBAR , SELECT TOOLBARS AND THEN CLICK OUICK LAUNCH .
CLICKING ANY OF THE ICONS AVAILABLE ON THE QUICK LAUNCH BAR ,
LAUNCHES THE ASSOCIATED PROGRAM . CLICKING THE SHOW DESKTOP ICON
MINIMIZES ALL THE OPEN WINDOWS SO THAT THE DESKTOP IS AGAIN VISIBLE .
SYSTEM TRAY
AT THE RIGHT END OF THE TASKBAR IS THE SYSTEM TRAY . HERE YOU WILL FIND VOLUME CONTROL
IF YOUR COMPUTER SOUND CARD , IT ALSO SHOW THE CLOCK . DOUBLE CLICKING THE SYSTEM
TRAY ICON OPENS THE ASSOCIATED PROGRAM .
DIALOG BOX
A DIALOG BOX IS USED TO COLLECT INFORMATION FROM THE USER . A DIALOG BOX MAY ALSO
PROVIDE INFORMATION TRO THE USER IN CASE OF PRINTING A DOCUMENT , PRINT DIALOG BOX OF
A PARTICULAR APPLICATION , MAY ASK FROM THE USER SEVERAL QUESTIONS LIKE ; PAGE RANGE ,
NUMBER OF COPIES TO BE PRINTED , QUALITY OF PRINTING , STARTING PAGE NUMBER, ENDING
PAGE NUMBER AND OTHER PRINT OPTION .
FONT DIALOG BOX HELPS YOU TYO SELECT FONT TYPE , FONT SIZE AND OTHER FONT OPTIONS .
SIMILARLY OTHER DIALOG BOXES HELP IS OTHER SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS .
PRINT DIALOG BOX
SMARTART GRAPHIC DIALOG BOX
USING MOUSE
MOUSE IS USED TO INTERACT WITH ITEMS ON THE SCREEN . YOU CAN
MOVE OBJECTS ,OPEN THEM , CHANGE THEM OR DELETE THEM .
WHEN YOUR COMPUTER STARTS , MOUSE ALSO STARTS FUNCTIONING
. A MOUSE HAS A PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MOUSE BUTTON . USE
THE PRIMARY MOUSE BUTTON TO SELECT AND CLICK ITEMS ,
POSITION THE CURSOR IN A DOCUMENT AND DRAG ITEMS . LEGT
BUTTON OF MOUSE IS GENERALLY A PRIMARY BUTTON WHEREAS TRHE
RIGHT BUTTON IS SECONDARY BUTTON . ON A TRACKBALL , THE
PRIMARY MOUSE BUTTON IS NORMALLY THE LOWER BUTTON . USE THE
SECONDARY